At the tip of the chin there was one well-developed barbel. The caudal fin was vertically straight. C59 wnt price The fish had three well-separated dorsal fins and two well-separated anal fins. There were no hard rays in these fins. The readily visible pale lateral line arched over the pectoral fins and extended well onto the head. The body was covered with fine, deeply rooted cycloidal scales. The terminal mouth was relatively large with the lower jaw (mandible) shorter than the upper one (maxilla). The eyes were of medium size. The stomach of this fish was about 60% full, and the content comprised mostly benthic organisms. About

50% of the stomach content consisted of brittle stars – echinoderms from the class Ophiuroidea. The next most important components were opossum shrimps of the genus Neomysis, (Gammaridae, Mysidacea). Other, less important components of the diet were edible or brown crabs (Cancer pagurus), vascular plants, algae and detritus. This is not the typical diet of normally coloured cod in this region. Generally, the North Sea cod consumes a variety of fish prey (up to 59% of the stomach content weight) and only occasionally eats other food. For example, echinoderms were found only in 10.4% of stomachs, making up 2.6% by weight of the diet ( Kikkert, 1993 and Magnussen, 2011). The colour of this ‘brown’ cod could be related to the atypical diet, 50% of which consisted of brittle

stars and other benthic invertebrates. Morris & Green (2002) suggested that the similar brown colour of the north-west Atlantic cod from selleck chemical Gilbert Bay was related to their diet, which was composed mainly of benthic invertebrates such as Mysidacea, Amphipoda and some crab species. According to Gosse & Wroblewski

(2004) and Sherwood & Grabowski (2012) the brown colour of the cod’s skin that is characteristic of the North American coastal zone populations is related to the diet rich in carotenoids, found in marine benthic invertebrates. The carotenoids leutin and taraxanthin were found to be present in the skin of the fish specimen under scrutiny here ( Goodwin 1950). It has been found that the combination of carotenoids and proteins can impart a brown colour to the skin of fish ( Fox, 1976 and Ahilan and Prince Jeyaseelan, 2001). Also, the colour of fish skin may change following the consumption of plant-synthesised Pomalidomide research buy carotenoids ( Bagnara & Hadley 1973). The fact that a cod with this unique brownish-red colouration was caught in the North Sea suggests that, as in the case of the north-west Atlantic cod, fish of such a colour may become more common in the near future. It would be interesting to investigate the reasons for the appearance of this unique colouration in cod fish and to analyse in detail their growth, condition and population structure on a larger number of individuals. “
“The beneficial effects of eccentric (ECC) training (contraction with active muscle lengthening) are well established.