1b). Similarly, the oligonucleotide probe gyrB2bot-DIG hybridized to the Crick ssDNA preparation, but not to the Watson ssDNA preparation, indicating minimal dsDNA contamination in the Watson ssDNA preparations

(Fig. 1c). Analysis of these Southern blot signals shows that the ssDNA preparations contained at most a ca. 10 000 : 1 ratio of ssDNA to contaminating dsDNA (Fig. 1). However, the supposedly double-stranded RF DNA preparations that were extracted from cells showed considerable ssDNA contamination (data not shown), and thus equal moles of each corresponding plasmid DNA were used for dsDNA controls in transformation Selleckchem Ribociclib experiments. Transformation with equal molar amounts of gyrB1 ssDNA was less efficient in all cases except for Crick DUS12 in MS11 than the identical dsDNA for both strains FA1090 and MS11 (Fig. 2, P < 0.05 by Student's t-test). In FA1090, Watson and Crick

DUS0 ssDNA transformation was reduced approximately 740-fold and 2200-fold, respectively, compared to matched DUS0 dsDNA (Fig. 2a, P < 0.05 by Student's t-test). Similar to DUS0 dsDNA transformation levels, DUS0 ssDNA Cabozantinib solubility dmso transformation was less efficient in MS11 than in FA1090 (Fig. 2). Interestingly, Crick DUS0 ssDNA transformation was consistently but not statistically more efficient than Watson DUS0 in ssDNA transformation (P > 0.05, threefold and twofold higher in FA1090 and MS11, respectively). In agreement with previous

reports, dsDNA transformation was enhanced by the DUS12 in both FA1090 and MS11, 6- and 16-fold compared to the DUS0 controls, respectively (Fig. 2, P < 0.05 by Student's t-test). Similarly, the Crick DUS12 sequence enhanced transformation of ssDNA in both FA1090 and MS11; however, the magnitude of enhancement was much larger than for dsDNA. The Crick DUS12 enhanced ssDNA transformation 182-fold and 467-fold over DUS0 ssDNA in FA1090 and MS11, respectively (Fig. 2, P < 0.05 by Student's t-test). In FA1090, Crick DUS12 ssDNA transformation efficiency was 24-fold lower than dsDNA DUS12 efficiency (P < 0.05 by Student's t-test). However, in MS11, Crick DUS12 ssDNA transformation efficiency was similar to dsDNA DUS12 (twofold lower, P > 0.05), which is consistent with previous findings (Stein, 1991). In contrast, Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase the Watson DUS12 ssDNA only showed a ca. sevenfold increase in transformation enhancement over matched DUS0 ssDNA (Fig. 2, P < 0.05 in FA1090, not statistically significant in MS11) and were greatly reduced from dsDNA DUS12 levels (P < 0.05, 1871-fold lower and 354-fold lower in FA1090 and MS11, respectively). The results demonstrate within ssDNA substrates that the Crick DUS12 sequence shows a much greater activity to promote transformation. Using highly purified ssDNA, we examined the ability of the Watson DUS12 or Crick DUS12 to enhance ssDNA transformation of N. gonorrhoeae.