The negative control in the experiment was SDW. All treatments were maintained at a constant temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and 80 to 85 percent humidity. The experiment on young A. bisporus, with five caps and five tissues each time, was repeated three times in total. Inoculated caps and tissues exhibited brown blotches across all surfaces after a 24-hour inoculation period. Within 48 hours, the inoculated caps darkened to a rich, dark brown shade, while the infected tissues underwent a color shift from brown to black, expanding across the entire tissue block and creating an extremely decayed appearance coupled with a foul odor. The signs and symptoms of this illness correlated strongly with those observed in the initial samples. Within the control group, no lesions were found. The pathogenicity test yielded results that allowed for the re-isolation of the pathogen from the infected caps and tissues. This re-isolation was confirmed by morphological analysis, 16S rRNA sequence comparisons, and biochemical assays, thereby satisfying the stipulations of Koch's postulates. The various types of Arthrobacter. The environmental distribution of these entities is very wide-ranging (Kim et al., 2008). Two studies performed to date have identified Arthrobacter spp. as a disease-causing organism in edible fungi (Bessette, 1984; Wang et al., 2019). Although this report marks the initial instance of Ar. woluwensis causing brown blotch disease in A. bisporus, it represents a significant advancement in our understanding of fungal interactions. Our research provides a foundation for the development of novel phytosanitary and disease management strategies related to this ailment.

Hua's Polygonatum cyrtonema is one cultivated type of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute, a valuable cash crop in China (Chen et al., 2021). Between 2021 and 2022, P. cyrtonema leaves in Wanzhou District, Chongqing (30°38′1″N, 108°42′27″E), displayed symptoms akin to gray mold, with a disease incidence ranging from 30% to 45%. Symptoms arose between April and June, correlating with a 39% or more leaf infection rate observed between July and September. Brown spots, initially irregular, spread to the leaf margins, tips, and stems. learn more In arid environments, the affected tissue exhibited a desiccated, attenuated texture, a light tan hue, and ultimately manifested as dry, fissured lesions during the advanced stages of the disease's progression. Elevated relative humidity conditions led to the formation of water-soaked decay on infected leaves, accompanied by a distinctive brown ring encircling the lesion site, and the presence of a gray mold covering. To determine the causative agent, a set of eight diseased leaves was collected. Leaf tissues were sectioned into 35 mm pieces. Sterilization was achieved by immersing the pieces in 70% ethanol for one minute, followed by five minutes in 3% sodium hypochlorite, and then rinsed three times with sterile water. These samples were then sown onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) enriched with streptomycin sulfate (50 g/ml) and incubated in the dark at 25°C for 3 days. Six colonies possessing a similar morphology and size (3.5 to 4 centimeters in diameter) were subsequently moved to new, sterile agar plates. At the outset of isolate cultivation, the hyphal colonies were characterized by a dense, white, clustered growth pattern, radiating outwards. Embedded within the medium's bottom layer, sclerotia, transitioning from brown to black coloration, were observed after 21 days; their diameters measured between 23 and 58 millimeters. Botrytis sp. was confirmed to be present in all six colonies. The JSON schema provides a list of sentences, in return. The conidia, attached in branching formations, clustered together on the conidiophores, resembling grapes. The conidiophores' morphology was straight and their length was between 150 and 500 micrometers. The conidia, single-celled and elongated in an ellipsoidal or oval shape, were aseptate and had dimensions of 75 to 20 or 35 to 14 micrometers (n=50). Representative strains 4-2 and 1-5 were subjected to DNA extraction procedures for molecular identification. The amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences, and the heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) genes, were conducted with ITS1/ITS4, RPB2for/RPB2rev, and HSP60for/HSP60rev primers, respectively. These procedures align with those detailed in White T.J., et al. (1990) and Staats, M., et al. (2005). In GenBank, sequences 4-2 included ITS, OM655229 RPB2, OM960678 HSP60, and OM960679; simultaneously, sequences 1-5 incorporated ITS, OQ160236 RPB2, OQ164790 HSP60, and OQ164791. teaching of forensic medicine Phylogenetic analysis of multi-locus alignments, including isolates 4-2 and 1-5, demonstrated a 100% match between their sequences and those of the B. deweyae CBS 134649/ MK-2013 ex-type (ITS: HG7995381, RPB2: HG7995181, HSP60: HG7995191), definitively classifying strains 4-2 and 1-5 as B. deweyae. To explore the potential of B. deweyae to induce gray mold on P. cyrtonema, Gradmann, C. (2014) conducted experiments employing Koch's postulates with Isolate 4-2. A 10 mL solution of 55% glycerin containing hyphal tissue was applied to the leaves of P. cyrtonema that had been previously washed in sterile water, after being grown in pots. Utilizing 10 mL of 55% glycerin, a control group of leaves from a different plant was treated, and the experiments based on Kochs' postulates were carried out three times. Within a chamber with precisely controlled humidity at 80% and a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, the inoculated plants were kept. Seven days after the introduction of the pathogen, visible indications of the disease, comparable to those seen in real-world settings, emerged on the leaves of the inoculated group, while control plants displayed no symptoms whatsoever. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the reisolated fungus from inoculated plants established it as B. deweyae. According to our understanding, B. deweyae primarily resides on Hemerocallis plants and is believed to play a key role in the onset of 'spring sickness' symptoms (Grant-Downton, R.T., et al. 2014). This constitutes the initial report of B. deweyae inducing gray mold on P. cyrtonema in China. Despite B. deweyae's restricted host range, its potential to threaten P. cyrtonema cannot be dismissed. Through this work, the groundwork will be laid for future disease treatment and prevention strategies.

The cultivation of pear trees (Pyrus L.) in China stands as the most extensive worldwide, resulting in the highest output, as indicated by Jia et al. (2021). June 2022 marked the onset of brown spot symptoms on 'Huanghua' pear trees, a Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cultivar. Within Anhui Agricultural University's High Tech Agricultural Garden, situated in Hefei, Anhui, China, Huanghua leaves are part of the germplasm garden collection. The disease incidence among 300 leaves (50 leaves per plant, sampled from 6 plants) was approximately 40%. Small, brown, round to oval lesions, gray at the core and encircled by brown to black margins, appeared first on the leaves. A rapid enlargement of these spots resulted in abnormal leaf defoliation. Symptomatic leaves were collected, washed using sterile water, surface sterilized using 75% ethanol for 20 seconds, and finally rinsed with sterile water at least three and at most four times, with the aim to isolate the brown spot pathogen. To acquire isolates, leaf fragments were positioned on PDA medium, which was then incubated at 25°C for seven days. Aerial mycelium of the colonies displayed a white to pale gray hue, attaining a diameter of 62 millimeters after seven days of incubation. The conidiogenous cells, identifiable as phialides, displayed shapes that ranged morphologically from doliform to ampulliform. The conidia's morphology exhibited a range of shapes and sizes, including those that were subglobose, oval, or obtuse, with thin walls, aseptate hyphae, and a smooth surface. A diameter of 42 to 79 meters and 31 to 55 meters was recorded. The observed morphologies displayed similarities to Nothophoma quercina, as previously documented (Bai et al., 2016; Kazerooni et al., 2021). Amplification of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), and actin (ACT) regions, for molecular analysis, was accomplished using the primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt2a/Bt2b, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R, respectively. The ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers OP554217, OP595395, and OP595396, respectively. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation A BLAST analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed substantial similarity to the sequences of N. quercina, including MH635156 (ITS 541/541, 100%), MW6720361 (TUB2 343/346, 99%), and FJ4269141 (ACT 242/262, 92%). The neighbor-joining method, implemented in MEGA-X software, was used to construct a phylogenetic tree from ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences, which demonstrated the strongest similarity to N. quercina. To confirm the infectious nature, a suspension of 10^6 conidia per milliliter was sprayed onto the leaves of three healthy plants, while control leaves received only sterile water. Plastic sheeting enveloped the inoculated plants, which were cultivated in a controlled environment chamber (90% relative humidity) at 25°C. Seven to ten days after inoculation, the typical disease symptoms manifested on the treated leaves, while the control leaves remained symptom-free. In agreement with Koch's postulates, the same pathogen was re-isolated from the affected leaves. Through morphological and phylogenetic tree analyses, we validated the causal association of *N. quercina* fungus with brown spot disease, as previously documented in Chen et al. (2015) and Jiao et al. (2017). In our knowledge base, this is the first reported case of brown spot disease induced by N. quercina affecting 'Huanghua' pear leaves within China.

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cherry tomatoes, prized for their compact stature and luscious taste, are a culinary delight. Zheng et al. (2020) note that the cerasiforme tomato, a prominent variety in Hainan Province, China, is highly valued for its nutritional content and sweet taste. A leaf spot ailment was noted on cherry tomatoes (Qianxi variety) in the Chengmai region of Hainan Province, spanning the period between October 2020 and February 2021.