The patient was on multiple medications including aspirin, clopidogrel, hydralazine, frusemide, benazepril, atorvastatin, ezetimibe, levothyroxine, and iron. Her hemoglobin was

7.0 g/dL upon presentation. The upper endoscopy revealed an erythematous gastropathy, and the duodenal mucosa had a diffuse, black, specked appearance (Figure 1). Biopsies of the duodenum were obtained, and histology revealed pigmented material deposited in the macrophages of the lamina propria (Figure 2). These endoscopic and histological findings are seen in an uncommon entity called pseudomelanosis duodeni. Given no bleeding source was localized on the upper endoscopy, a colonoscopy was performed which revealed two ulcerated, LEE011 research buy hemorrhagic polyps in the transverse colon, 7 and 12 mm in size, which were removed with a hot snare. Histology revealed that the polyps were a tubular adenoma and a tubulovillous adenoma, respectively. Pseudomelanosis duodeni is a rare, benign condition of unknown etiology. It was first described in 1976 by Bisordi and Kleinman and is characterized by a dark speckled appearance of the duodenum. Histology reveals the accumulation of a dark pigment in the macrophages in the lamina propria. In case reports, Autophagy Compound Library the majority of patients with this condition are female and

greater than 60 years old. In addition, pseudomelanosis duodeni has been associated with certain medical conditions such as hypertension, chronic renal failure, abdominal pain, anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and chronic heart failure. It has also been associated with certain medications including hydralazine, ferrous sulfate, frusemide, propanolol, thiazides, vitamins, methyldopa, and digoxin. The pathogenesis of this condition is not known, and there is no consensus in regards to the nature MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit and source of

the pigment accumulation seen in the macrophages but is thought to contain iron, sulfur, or melanin/melanin like pigment. “
“This chapter discusses the background, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of liver lesions. Liver (hepatic) lesions are classified into non-malignant (benign) lesions, primary malignant neoplasms and secondary malignant (metastatic) neoplasms. The most common benign hepatic lesions are hepatic hemangioma, hepatic cysts and hepatic adenoma and FNH. The primary prevention should be focused on identifying and screening patients at risk of developing a primary hepatic neoplasm such as HCC. Most commonly the patients have no symptoms from the liver lesions. However, some patients may complain of vague RUQ discomfort when the lesions are complex and large.