Control

strain 81–176 exhibited about 28-fold greater invasion than 00–2426 (unadjusted P = 0.0000149). Isolate 00–2538, which carries the prophage, was 21-fold more invasive than 00–2426, a statistically significant result in pairwise comparisons using the Holm-Sidak method (unadjusted P = 0.000769). Prophage-carrying isolates 00–2544 and 00–2425 were 16-fold and 17-fold more invasive than isolate 00–2426 lacking the prophage. These results were not statistically significant in pairwise comparisons in One-way ANOVA using the Holm-Sidak Test. E. coli Top 10 was used as a negative control for invasion; the levels of invasion of isolate Z-IETD-FMK in vivo 00–2426 and Top 10 were very similar throughout the experiments. Once again, the observation that isolate 00–2426 was much less see more invasive than the other C. jejuni strains was observed PRN1371 consistently in experiments in which all isolates were tested within a single experiment, on the same day (Table 2). Association of prophage with patient symptoms and source Data on patient symptoms and the associated C. jejuni recovered from the patients

was obtained through a collaboration between the National Microbiology Laboratory and the Centre for Foodborne, Environmental, and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Guelph, ON, which administers the C-EnterNet sentinel site surveillance program in the Region of Waterloo, ON [7]. This has allowed comparisons of the CJIE1 prophage genotype with patient symptoms. The PCR method developed for single-step detection of CJIE1 also assesses the presence or absence of an indel or moron carrying the unique coding sequence ORF11 [6]. Results are summarized in Table 3 and can be interpreted as in the following example. Of all 204 patients answering the question of whether they had abdominal pain, for instance, 169 answered “yes” and the remainder answered “no”. Among the 153 patients from whom C. jejuni without CJIE1 was isolated and who also answered the question Pregnenolone on the questionnaire, 127 had abdominal pain and 26 did not. Similar interpretation can be applied

throughout the table. As a whole these analyses suggested that the presence of ORF11 may be responsible for higher rates of bloody diarrhea and hospitalization and lower rates of headache, while the presence of the CJIE1 prophage was associated with lower rates of vomiting and longer duration of illness. None of these differences were statistically significant. Differences in the rates of abdominal pain and fever were significant, with higher rates observed from isolates lacking CJIE1 (P = 0.037 and P < 0.001, respectively). In both cases the difference in rates remained significant when rates of each symptom were compared pairwise between isolates without CJIE1 and those with CJIE1 alone (abdominal pain P < 0.025, fever P < 0.