The main parameters of SOS response and oxidative stress, which depend on the quinolone concentration, were determined. The formation of superoxide anion occurred almost simultaneously with the SOS response. The mutant strain E. coli sodA sodB, which contains no active forms of superoxide dismutases SodA and SodB is characterized

by an increased resistance to quinolones compared to wild-type cells. At high concentrations of quinolones ( bigger than 20 mu g/mL nalidixic acid and bigger than 500 ng/mL norfloxacin), their bactericidal effect is partially caused by the conversion of the superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide H2O2 conducted by superoxide dismutases SodA and SodB, which is followed by the Fenton reaction and the formation of toxic hydroxyl radical OH’. At low concentrations of quinolones ( smaller than 20 mu g/mL nalidixic acid 3MA and smaller than 500 ng/mL norfloxacin), the contribution of the reactive oxygen species in the antimicrobial effect is negligible.”
“Isolates of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes

see more complex vary phenotypically. Whether the closely related zoophilic and anthropophilic anamorphs currently associated with Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii have to be considered as members of the same biological species remains an open question. In order to better delineate species in the T. mentagrophytes complex, we performed a mating analysis of freshly collected isolates from humans and animals with A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii reference strains, in comparison GSK461364 chemical structure to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequencing. Mating

experiments as well as ITS and 285 sequencing unambiguously allowed the distinction of A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii. We have also shown that all the isolates from tinea pedis and tinea unguium identified as T. interdigitale based on ITS sequences mated with A. vanbreuseghemii tester strains, but had lost their ability to give fertile cleistothecia. Therefore, T. interdigitale has to be considered as a humanized species derived from the sexual relative A. vanbreuseghemii. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“This review provides a summary of the recent advances in high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Significant improvements have included the miniaturization of NMR components as well as the use of cryogenically cooled probes. Further hyphenated applications such as HPLC-SPE-NMR, column trapping and HPLC-NMR-MS are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the application of these methodologies to the profiling and dereplication of natural products is provided.”
“Objective: Recent randomized controlled trials have shown that age significantly affects the outcome of carotid revascularization procedures.