This clinical trial focused on efficacy and did not investigate end-points relating to mode-of-action of the vaccine. In a murine model we investigated mode-of-action, efficacy, and safety of a homologous RENCA cell-based vaccine.\n\nDesign, setting, and participants: Six groups with 12 BALB/c mice per group received five vaccinations click here (lysate of 1 x 10(6)-1 x 10(7) RENCA cells, manufactured with or without prior IFN-gamma incubation) at 3-wk intervals before tumour transplantation and one vaccination 14 d afterwards.

Controls (12 mice) received only solvent. All mice were sacrificed 21 d after turnout transplantation.\n\nMeasurements: Animal welfare. tumour growth, number of metastases, and the presence of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

as determined by a (51)chromium-release assay. Adoptive immune transfer experiments (vaccination of nine mice with the RENCA vaccine or saline and transfer of serum, spleen cells, and CD4 and/or CD8 depleted spleen cells into five recipient mice each) were carried out to demonstrate involvement of different immune mechanisms.\n\nResults: All controls developed a renal tumour, compared to 7/72 animals (9.7%) in the vaccine groups. The mean number of lung metastases was 100 (range 3-750) in controls and 4 (range 0-196) in the vaccine groups, respectively. Tumour uptake and number of metastases were not related to the vaccine dose. The (51)chromium-release assay confirmed a significant tumour-specific cytolytic activity and marginally MRT67307 concentration increased NK activity of splenocytes from vaccinated mice against RENCA cells compared to controls. Adoptive immune transfer experiments showed that the antitumoural effective immune mechanisms are cell-based. Conclusions: We could demonstrate the mode-of-action, efficacy, and safety of a homologous turnout vaccine in a RENCA model. These findings support the positive results from a phase-III trial with Reniale. (C) 2008 European Galardin Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. Ail rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: To investigate parental

smoking patterns and their association with wheezing in children.\n\nMETHODS: We performed a case-control study that included 105 children between 6 and 23 months of age who were divided into two groups: cases (children with 3 previous episodes of wheezing) and controls (healthy children without wheezing). The children’s exposure to cigarette smoking was estimated using a questionnaire completed by the mothers and by the children’s urinary cotinine levels.\n\nRESULTS: Based on both the questionnaire results and cotinine levels, exposure to cigarette smoking was higher in the households of cases in which the incidence of maternal smoking was significantly higher than that of paternal smoking.