While old males produced longer and slower sperm with larger reserves of strippable sperm, compared to young males, artificial insemination did not reveal any effect of age on sperm competition success. Altogether, these results do not support the hypothesis that polyandry evolved

in response to costs associated with mating with old males in the guppy.”
“Excessive dietary salt intake induces extensive cardiovascular and renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) that may be prevented by antihypertensive agents. This study examines whether salt-induced cardiac damage may be reversed by angiotensin II (type 1) AG-014699 solubility dmso receptor blockade (telmisartan). Eight-week-old male SHRs were divided into four groups; Group 1 (NS) was fed regular rat chow, and Group 2 (HS) received high-salt diet (HS; 8% NaCl). After 8 weeks on their respective diets, systemic hemodynamics and indices of left ventricular (LV) function were determined. Group 3 (HSnoT) was given HS for 8 weeks and then switched to a regular chow (0.6% NaCl) diet with no other treatment, and Group 4 (HSArb) received HS for 8 weeks and was then Omipalisib inhibitor given regular diet plus telmisartan. Rats from these latter two groups were monitored for the ensuing 30 days. Compared with the NS group, rats in the HS group exhibited increased

mean arterial pressure (161 +/- 7 vs 184 +/- 8 mm Hg) and LV diastolic dysfunction, as evidenced by a decreased rate of LV pressure decline (-8754 +/- 747 vs -4234 +/- Selleck YH25448 754 mmHg/sec) at the end of the 8 weeks of their respective treatment. After switching to regular chow, only one of 11 rats in the HSnoT group survived for the 30 days, whereas 10 died within 18 days; in the HSArb group only one of nine rats died; eight survived 30 days (P smaller than .01). Telrnisartan significantly improved LV function and survival in those SHR rats having extensive cardiovascular damage induced by dietary salt excess. (C) 2014 American Society of Hypertension. All rights reserved.”
“Using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task, the effects of

glucocorticoids on memory retrieval in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were investigated. Young adult female rats were trained in a one trial IA task (1-mA, 3-s footshock). The latency to reenter the dark compartment of the apparatus was recorded in the retention test performed 48 h after training. Pre-retrieval injection of corticosterone (CORT, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) to OVX rats impaired memory retrieval at all doses tested. Similar administration of CORT (3 mg/kg) in intact female rats impaired memory retrieval in the estrus phase (when endogenous plasma levels of estrogen are low) but not in the proestrus phase (when endogenous levels of estrogen are high). Concurrent administration of CORT (3 mg/kg) and 17-beta-estradiol (15 mu g/kg) in both proestrus and estrous phases impaired memory retrieval.