, 1993). A Do > 1 indicates GSK-3 beta phosphorylation that the complete dose cannot

dissolve in 250 mL of medium while a Do < 1 indicates that the dose is soluble in this volume. None of the studied compounds obtained an increase in Sapp due to ethanol in FaSSGF that was high enough to cause a shift in Do when the highest prescribed dose was used for the calculation. Cinnarizine was completely soluble in both FaSSGF and FaSSGF20%Ethanol while all other compounds were not. If this analysis were to be performed using a normal tablet strength rather than the highest prescribed dose, all weak bases in this study would have been soluble in all the media. A normal dose for felodipine (2.5 mg) gave rise to a Do shift from above 1 in FaSSGF to below 1 after addition of 20% ethanol. Compared to our previous study on ethanol effects on Sapp in intestinal media 20% ethanol in FaSSIF did induce a Do shift using the max doses of felodipine and indoprofen. These Do shifts in FaSSIF were the result of a moderate increase in Sapp due to 20% ethanol, with a 2- and 3-fold increase respectively for these compounds. Due to high dose and/or low initial Sapp in FaSSIF, no Do shift occurred as result of 20% ethanol for dipyridamole (19-fold increase), griseofulvin (8-fold), progesterone (7-fold) indomethacin and tolfenamic acid (3-fold). see more As the intestinal Sapp of terfenadine and

cinnarizine did not increase with the addition of ethanol, neither was

there any shift in Do for these compound in the simulated intestinal fluid ( Fagerberg et al., 2012). The computational simulations with GI-Sim revealed that although the solubility of indomethacin and indoprofen was increased with the addition of 20% ethanol in the gastric and duodenal compartments, the effects on absorption Levetiracetam were small as the compounds were absorbed rapidly and completely in the fasted state. The small observed increase in Cmax is likely to be negligible. The decrease in Tmax could indicate a potential reduction in onset due to ethanol. This assumes however that no other parameters except the concentrations in the stomach and intestine affect the absorption and the resulting plasma concentration. The absorption of tolfenamic acid and the two basic compounds terfenadine and cinnarizine was also more or less unaffected by the simulated concomitant ethanol intake. For the latter two the absorption was reduced slightly due to a lower Sapp in duodenal media (FaSSIF with 20% ethanol) as a result of suppressed ionization caused by the ethanol. Dipyridamole is completely charged at the gastric pH but only slightly so at the intestinal pH where its Sapp is effectively increased by the addition of ethanol. This results in a higher extent and rate of absorption predicted by the simulations.