All other landslides are observed in anthropogenic environments with the majority of landslides (i.e. 70%)

in the matorral and 17% of the landslides in short rotation pine plantations. In contrast, in the Panza subcatchment, 34% of the total number of landslides is located in a (semi-)natural environment (i.e. 13% in páramo and 21% in natural dense forest) while 48% of the landslides is observed in agricultural land. In Llavircay, Lonafarnib order a quarter of the total landslides are observed in natural environments. The multi-temporal landslide inventories include raw data that are derived from different remote sensing data. To ensure that the data source has no effect on the landslide frequency–area distribution, landslide inventories of

different data sources were compared. Only the (semi-)natural environments were selected for this analysis, to avoid confounding with land use effects. We observe no significant difference in landslide area between the inventory derived from aerial photographs and the one derived from very high resolution remote sensing data (Wilcoxon rank sum test: W = 523, p-value = 0.247). Moreover, the landslide frequency–area distributions are independent of the source of the landslide inventory data (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test: D = 0.206, p-value = 0.380). As selleck chemical the landslide inventory is not biased by the data source, we used the total landslide inventories to analyse the landslide frequency–area distribution. The number of landslide occurrences in the two sites in the Pangor catchment was too low to calculate the probability density functions. Therefore, the landslide inventories from both sites (Virgen Yacu and Panza) were combined to get a complete landslide inventory that is large enough to capture the complexity of land cover dynamics present in the Pangor catchment. However, Llavircay and Pangor (including Virgen Yacu and Panza) are analysed distinctively as to detect potential variations resulting from different climatic regimes. Fig. 5 gives the landslide frequency–area distribution for

the landslide inventories Idoxuridine of the Llavircay and Pangor site. It also shows that the double Pareto distribution of Stark and Hovius (2001) and the Inverse Gamma distribution of Malamud et al. (2004) provide similar results. The probability density for medium and large landslides obeys a negative power law trend. The power law tail exponent (ρ + 1) is equal for the double Pareto distribution and for the Inverse Gamma distribution, respectively 2.28 and 2.43 in Pangor and 2 and 2.18 in Llavircay ( Table 3). The model parameter values are obtained by maximum likelihood estimation, but they are similar to those obtained by alternative fitting techniques such as Kernel Density or Histogram Density estimation. Besides, the model parameter values that we obtain here for the tropical Andes are very similar to previously published parameter estimates ( Malamud et al., 2004 and Van Den Eeckhaut et al., 2007).

Male Wistar rats (200–250 g; 10 weeks old) were housed in a temperature- and light-controlled room with free access to water and food. All of the procedures are in accordance with the he European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes and were approved by the University Institutional Ethics Committee (Protocol number 23080.034301/2009-36). To induce periodontitis, rats Akt inhibitor were first anesthetised with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine

(90 and 15 mg/kg, respectively). A cotton ligature (4/0) was placed around the cervixes of both sides (right and left) of mandibular first molars and maxillary second molars in each animal. Hence, four ligatures were placed at each animal. The ligature was knotted on the vestibular side, so JQ1 cell line that it remained subgingival on the palatinal side. Placement of ligatures induces

periodontal disease by facilitating bacterial invasion of gingival.22 and 23 Sham-operated rats had the ligature removed immediately after the procedure. Forty eight animals were randomly distributed into two groups of 24 animals each to be submitted to ligature or sham procedure. Seven, 14 and 28 days after ligature or sham procedure, 8 rats per group were anaesthetised, and heparinised PE-20 and PE-50 polyethylene catheters were inserted into the left femoral vein for drug injections and into the right carotid artery to record the

mean arterial pressure (MAP). The animals were Methamphetamine allowed to breathe spontaneously via a tracheal cannula. Body temperature was monitored and maintained at 37 ± 1 °C. The blood pressure data were recorded with a catheter pressure transducer coupled to a Powerlab 8/30 (AD Instruments Pty Ltd., Castle Hill, Australia) running LabChart 7® software. Dose–response curves to intravenously acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine were obtained. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed with pentobarbital overdose. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM of the peak changes in the MAP (mmHg) relative to baseline. Forty eight animals were randomly distributed into two groups of 24 animals each to be submitted to ligature or sham procedure. Seven, 14 and 28 days after ligature or sham procedure, thoracic aorta rings from 8 rats per group were isolated as described previously.24 The rings were mounted using two wires inserted through the lumen of the vessel in an organ chamber in Krebs-Henseleit solution (composition in mM; NaCl, 113; KCl, 4.7; CaCl2, 2.5; KH2PO4, 0.9; NaHCO3, 25; MgCl2, 1.1; glucose, 11; pH 7.4) continuously gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2 at 37 °C and under a resting tension of 1 g. The mechanical activity was recorded isometrically by a force transducer connected to an amplifier and chart recorder (Soft and solutions-KITCAD8, São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

Ein typisches, vier Schritte umfassendes Extraktionsverfahren für eine Filter-Probe nickelhaltiger Schwebstoffe besteht im Auswaschen der löslichen Nickelverbindungen mit Ammoniumcitratlösung, gefolgt von einer Mischung aus Ammoniumcitrat und Wasserstoffperoxid für die Nickel-Schwefel-Verbindungen. Anschließend wird das metallische Nickel mit Brom in wasserfreiem Methanol, die verbliebenen Nickeloxide werden mit konzentrierter Salpetersäure/Perchlorsäure gelöst [8]. Ein weiteres Verfahren umfasst die schrittweise Extraktion Z-VAD-FMK concentration mit EDTA, Ammoniumcitrat/H2O2, KCuCl3 und schließlich Salpetersäure (Abb. 1) [6]. Mit diesen Verfahren erhält

man vier Fraktionen, die den vier Klassen von Nickelspezies ihre Namen gegeben haben: lösliches, sulfidisches, metallisches und oxidisches Nickel. In der Literatur werden diese Fraktionen oft als „Nickelspezies” bezeichnet, was jedoch laut Definition der International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) für die Begriffe „Spezies” und „Speziation”

[9] nicht korrekt ist. Andere Ansätze zur Klassifikation unterscheiden zwischen wasserlöslichen und nicht wasserlöslichen Nickelverbindungen, ebenfalls auf der Grundlage des analytischen Extraktionsverfahrens [10]. In den meisten Fällen wird eine weitere Dabrafenib solubility dmso Charakterisierung der Nickelspezies in einer Fraktion nicht durchgeführt. Nur einige wenige Studien zu Partikeln in Verbrennungsprodukten lieferten tieferen Einblick in die Zusammensetzung der Nickelfraktionen. So ergab beispielsweise die Untersuchung der sulfidischen Nickelfraktion in der Flugasche aus Kraftwerksemissionen mittels Kohlepasteelektroden-Voltammetrie, dass NiSO4 neben NiS und NiS2 die vorherrschende Spezies war, Ni2S3 in dieser Fraktion jedoch nicht vorlag [11]. Bei einer weiteren Arbeit wurde mithilfe von Röntgenabsorptions-Feinstrukturspektroskopie (X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy, XAFS) gezeigt, dass es sich bei den Nickelspezies in Flugasche hauptsächlich (> 95 %) um NiSO4 · x H2O und einen nickelhaltigen Spinell, möglicherweise NiFe2O4 [12] handelte. Dieselbe Analysetechnik wurde kürzlich angewendet, um Nickelspezies

in Emissionen eines mit Ölrückständen befeuerten Kraftwerks zu untersuchen, wobei neben (Ni,Mg)O und NiFe2O4 ebenfalls NiSO4 · 6 H2O als Hauptspezies nachgewiesen wurde, Nickelsulfide jedoch nicht Sitaxentan vorlagen [13]. Zur Nickelspeziation in Kohle und ihren Asche-Nebenprodukten wurde die XANES-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. In Kohle lag Nickel in Form von Oxiden und einer Mischung aus Nickeloxiden und -sulfiden vor. In Ascheproben lag Nickel in Gegenwart von Sauerstoffanionen vermutlich als Nickelsulfate und Spinelle vor. Die Anwesenheit von Nickelsulfiden konnte in diesen Aschen ebenfalls ausgeschlossen werden [14]. Durch Experimente zur kontrollierten Verbrennung von mit Nickel versetztem Kerosin wurde demonstriert, dass die Nickelspeziierung von der Temperatur abhängig war.

Additionally, percent solids were determined for sediment and marine biota samples by Method SM2540G. Alkylated PAHs were extracted by EPA 3550 and 3540 and analyzed by EPA 8270 using GC–MS-SIM. PAHs are reported as sums, usually mg/kg. (Data regarding reporting and detection limits are available upon request to the authors.) In a second set of analyses, investigations into sample identification and provenance included two levels of analytical procedures, as described by Hansen et al. (2007), OSINE, 2011 and CEN, 2012. Firstly, total extractable n-alkanes (C11–C60) were measured using GC-FID (EPA Method 3580/8000-GC-FID) for reference

samples, and pre-well-capping, post-well-capping, and post-Hurricane Isaac environmental samples. SB431542 concentration Secondly, concentrations of PAHs, alkylated PAHs, and biomarkers were measured using GS–MS. For water samples, PAHs and alkylated Ruxolitinib PAHs were measured using GS–MS EPA Method 3510/8270 ( US-EPA, 2007) and results were provided in μg/L. Mousse, tarballs, and aerosol samples were analyzed for PAHs and alkylated PAHs using GC–MS EPA Method 3540/8270 ( US-EPA, 2007), and results have been given in mg/kg. Water-saturated sediment was collected manually by snorkeling. A Ponar-type dredge sampler was used to collect sediment samples in waters >3 m deep. Sediment samples were

also collected from deep water from an area 50 km in diameter around the Macondo wellhead using a multiple corer. Samples were collected 2 months after the wellhead had been capped. Samples were frozen on shipboard and shipped to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Analyses of sediment and biota samples were performed by ALS Laboratory Group (C9936 67th Ave., NW, Edmonton, AB Canada T6E OPS). TPHs (C11–C60) were measured by GC-FID Scan and by

Method Reference EPA 3550/8000-GC-FID. Results were provided in mg/kg. PAHs and Alkylated PAHs were measured using Method Reference EPA 3540/8270 GC/MS. Those results were provided in mg/kg. Sediment samples were also analyzed at Pace Analytical, located in St Rose, Louisiana. Pace sediment samples were analyzed for PAHs and Alkylated Methocarbamol PAHs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Method Reference EPA 8015, modifications 6010, 7471, and 8260. Results were provided in mg/kg. For sediment and biota samples, the Reporting Limit (RL) changed repeatedly depending upon the amount (%) of solids present in the samples. These values are available for viewing upon request. Seawater samples were collected from just below the ocean surface using a Wildco vertical PVC sampler, and stored in Nalgene bottles, on ice, at <4 °C. All samples were processed by EPA-certified laboratories – Sherry Laboratories in Lafayette, LA; Hampton Clarke Veritech in Fairfield, NJ; ALS Laboratory Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Pace Laboratory in St. Rose, LA, USA.

, 2008) and induce an increased immune response at a molecular level. We need to clarify whether further kinds of physical effects may be observed, especially when transferred to organisms other than mussels. As UMI-77 far as the microplastics’ size is concerned, filter feeders and other organisms near the bottom of the marine food chain may be primarily affected (Thompson et al., 2004 and Moore, 2008). This still needs to be validated, also by clarifying which levels of the food chain are most affected. Investigations on marine mammals also showed that plastic particles are transferred along the food chain by feeding on plastic-contaminated fish (Eriksson

and Burton, 2003). It will be essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms

in order to find out whether enrichment or depletion occurs within the food chain and if microplastics can finally be found in marine top predators and in humans. Moreover, microplastics may serve as transport vectors for invasive micro-organisms to remote regions (Barnes, 2002 and Gregory, 2009). However, it is still unknown to which extent they contribute to changes in species assemblages and how they influence endemic species and ecosystems. Since plastics contain additives like plasticizers or organic pollutants, which have sorbed out of the marine environment into the plastic matrix (Carpenter et al., 1972 and Hale Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase et al., 2010), physical click here effects may be enhanced by chemical and toxic effects. In seabirds a positive relationship between pollutant concentration and plastic burden has already been observed (Ryan et al., 1988). First investigations, especially on plastics as passive samplers, reveal that equilibrium sorption of organic pollutants is about two orders of magnitude higher than to natural sediments and soils (Mato et al., 2001). Again, detailed knowledge on mechanisms is missing. It is neither investigated how pollutants sorb onto or into microplastics in comparison to natural particles

like suspended matter, detritus or phytoplankton, nor can we describe how material properties, additives or weathering influence the sorption behaviour. In order to decide whether uptake of microplastics and associated pollutants increase bioaccumulation of the pollutants in marine organisms, mechanisms like substance leaching out of the plastic matrix need to be quantified. Since plastic particles may settle from the water body to the sediment it also has to be clarified whether sediment represents a sink and, thus, a long-term source for microplastics and associated chemicals. Accumulation of larger plastic has been observed in ocean gyres (Moore et al., 2001), on beaches, and in sediments worldwide (Barnes et al., 2009).

In the past two decades, quantitative PET has become a necessity

in clinical oncology. Despite introduction of various measures for quantification and correction of PET parameters, there is debate on the selection of the appropriate methodology in specific diseases and conditions. In this review, we have focused on these techniques with special attention to topics such as static and dynamic whole body PET imaging, tracer kinetic modeling, global disease burden, texture analysis and radiomics, dual time point imaging and partial volume correction. Eivind A. Segtnan, Søren Hess, Peter Grupe, and Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen Structural imaging with computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging is the mainstay in primary diagnosis of primary brain tumors, but these modalities depend

on morphologic appearance and an intact blood-brain barrier, and PR-171 solubility dmso important aspects of tumor biology are not addressed. Such issues may be alleviated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and FDG-PET/CT imaging, which may provide clinically important information with regard to primary differentiation between tumor types, initial staging and risk stratification, therapy planning, response evaluation, and recurrence detection. This article describes some of the potential contemporary applications of FDG and PET in primary brain tumors. Jeppe Kiilerich Lauridsen, Max Rohde, and Anders Thomassen 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ever positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is a valuable diagnostic tool in a spectrum of INCB28060 malignant and benign conditions, because of a high sensitivity to detect even very small lesions with increased metabolism. This review focuses on the use of FDG-PET/CT in malignancies of the thyroid gland and in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Malene Grubbe Hildebrandt, Annette

Raskov Kodahl, Dorte Teilmann-Jørgensen, Ole Mogensen, and Pernille Tine Jensen In this literature review, an update is provided on the role of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography in different clinical settings of the 4 most frequent female-specific cancer types: breast, endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancer. The most recent knowledge regarding primary diagnosis, staging, response evaluation, prognostic and predictive values, recurrence detection, and radiotherapy planning is evaluated, including, when clinically relevant, considerations with respect to the epidemiology, treatment, and course of the diseases. Oke Gerke, Ronnie Hermansson, Søren Hess, Søren Schifter, Werner Vach, and Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen The development of clinical diagnostic procedures comprises early-phase and late-phase studies to elucidate diagnostic accuracy and patient outcome.

4%) in this trial was lower than the reported rates in multiple recent large prospective randomized and cohort comparison studies in the literature (3% to 15%).7, 8, 10 and 11 The primary objective was to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of the intraoperative assessment of colon and rectal perfusion using fluorescence angiography during left colectomies and low anterior resections. This technology was easy to implement because the device is similar to a standard laparoscope, with a minimal learning curve for application and use. This technology was used by 11

institutions according to surgeon preference, and there were no reported difficulties in assessment despite the absence of any “run in” or practice cases. No MAPK Inhibitor Library cell line complications attributable to the use of the ICG or the device RG7420 supplier were observed. Successful imaging demonstrated no apparent limitation with regard to imaging converted cases. There were no reported limitations

to imaging and/or interpretation with regard to patient comorbidities. Fluorescence angiography has been found to be beneficial in assessing perfusion in earlier reports, aiding in surgical decision making and improving outcomes in cardiothoracic, hepatobiliary, colorectal, foregut, transplant, and plastic surgery.1, 5, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 The feasibility and applicability of this new technology with the implications of potentially reducing anastomotic leak rates could make it an invaluable tool for use in high-risk colorectal resections.28 Our results indicate that assessment of microperfusion

of the transected bowel and planned site of anastomosis was associated with revision of surgical plan in nearly 8% of patients. To our knowledge, there are only 2 studies in the literature that have demonstrated the benefits of angiography in colorectal surgery.1 and 5 Kudszus and colleagues5 reported a 14% (n = 201) change in resection margin using laser fluorescence angiography. These findings were confirmed by Jafari and colleagues1 using Firefly (Intuitive Surgical Inc). The authors demonstrated a 19% change in transection point using fluorescence angiography compared with 4.5% using visible or white light during robotic low anterior resections. Our data confirm Tau-protein kinase earlier reports that conventional methods of assessing bowel perfusion are not entirely reliable.1, 5 and 30 To date, subjective methods such as active bleeding, palpable pulsation in the mesentery, and bowel discoloration, have been used. These methods are not objective and can be lacking in a laparoscopic colon resection secondary to the lack of tactile sensation and change in visual cues. In the majority of laparoscopic colectomies, as opposed to open technique, the bowel is transected and reanastomosed shortly after transection of the mesentery, thereby limiting observation time. Conventional techniques of assessing perfusion may not be entirely applicable with laparoscopy and even with laparotomy are not objective.

, 2000, Gainotti, 2000 and Pulvermüller, Lutzenberger et al., 1999). Therefore, although noun/verb dissociations in patient populations and differential brain activation to these categories have been reported in the studies above, it is unclear to what degree such dissociation depends on linguistic and semantic features of these word groups. In an attempt to take these confounds into consideration, Bedny et al. (2008) focused on nouns and verbs varying in semantic features, especially in their semantic relationship to motion

perception. We would like to consider these findings in detail as, despite a similar design, Bedny and colleagues’ stimulus selection along with their results dramatically differ from those reported here. Contrary to previous studies (Martin et al. 1996), these authors reported that activity in middle temporal regions close to motion-sensitive GDC-0199 in vitro areas “responded preferentially to verbs relative to nouns, even when the nouns have higher visual-motion properties” (than verbs) (p. 11352) and hence suggested that “concepts… are organised according to conceptual

(lexical) properties” (p. 11347). In their attempt to tease apart lexical and semantic factors, these authors controlled semantic aspects related to visually perceived motion, grouping together animal nouns and action verbs as “high motion” items in spite of their fundamental differences with regard to a range of semantic dimensions. This neglect and lack of control for semantic aspects of Erythromycin verb and PLX3397 cost noun stimuli is a major shortcoming, as previous work has documented brain activation differences

related to semantic action- vs. object-relatedness, manipulability of referent objects of nouns, or action-relatedness of verbs (see next section; Brambati et al., 2006, Damasio et al., 2001, Martin and Weisberg, 2003, Pulvermüller et al., 2009 and Tranel et al., 2005). Bedny’s comparison of “high-motion” noun and verb categories, namely animal names and action verbs (such as “sheep” vs. ”grasp”), is problematic, as we have demonstrated in previous work that many animal words lack action-semantic links and, correspondingly, fail to elicit action-related brain activity, whereas action verbs, which represent the prototype of action-related lexical materials, activate cortical motor systems along with middle-temporal cortex (Moseley et al., 2012). It has indeed been suggested that the middle-temporal activation might reflect visual motion processing, but there is so far no firm proof for this hypothesis and general action-relatedness provides at least one alternative cognitive-semantic feature that may be reflected (Kiefer et al. 2012). Because likely semantic determinants of their middle-temporal activations were not sufficiently documented, the noun/verb difference in brain activation observed by Bedny et al. cannot be seen as unrelated to semantics. With greater control of semantic stimulus properties related to action and perception, our present findings as summarised in Fig.

, 2002 and Uwano et al., 1995). In summary, MeAV projections are a subset of those arising from the MeAD and MePV. Their major outputs to the amygdalostriatal transition area and to the dorsomedial and central parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus suggest that the MeAV may play a role in orienting responses to chemosensory cues and defensive behaviors

elicited by the odor of predators. Part of the material examined in this study was collected from a large library of cases used in previous S3I-201 nmr investigations. The experiments were conducted on adult female Wistar albino rats weighing 170–210 g (n = 40). The animals were housed in groups of four in standard polypropylene cages with food and water ad libitum and maintained under controlled environmental conditions VE-821 clinical trial (21 ± 1 °C, 12-hour light–dark cycle with lights on at 6 am). The surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia with a solution containing ketamine hydrochloride (Vetbrands, São Paulo, Brazil; 9 mg/100 g, i.p.) and xylazine (Vetbrands, São Paulo, Brazil; 1 mg/100 g, i.p.). Animal care and all the experimental protocols were approved by the local Animal Research

Committee and are in accordance with the U.S. National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Unilateral injections of PHA-L (Vector, Burlingame, CA; 2.5% in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (PB), pH 7.4) were placed stereotaxically in different parts of the Me (n = 14) and of FG (Fluorochrome, Denver, CO; 2% in saline), in major targets of the Me,

including the lateral amygdaloid nucleus (n = 1), posterior basomedial amygdaloid nucleus (n = 2), amygdalostriatal transition area (n = 2), BST Liothyronine Sodium (n = 6), medial preoptic nucleus (n = 5), anterior hypothalamic nucleus (n = 5) or ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (n = 5). The tracers were delivered by iontophoresis through a glass micropipette with an internal tip diameter of 10–15 μm for PHA-L and 20–25 μm for FG, by passing a positive-pulsed current, 7 s on/off intervals, set at 5 μA for 10–15 min with PHA-L, or at 1.5 μA for 5–10 min with FG. To reduce the leakage of tracer along the pipette track, the pipette was left in place for an additional 10–15 min period. After a survival of 10–14 days for PHA-L injections and 5–10 days for FG injections, the rats were deeply anesthetized and perfused transcardially by the aid of a peristaltic pump with a brief saline rinse followed by ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB (up to 500 ml for 30 min). Several hours later, the brains were removed from the skull, cryoprotected by overnight immersion in a 20% sucrose solution in PB at 4 °C and sectioned in the coronal plane at 40 μm into four series on a sliding microtome. One or two series of sections were processed by immunohistochemistry by using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase (ABC) technique.

None of these ligands activated CquiOR161·CquiOrco-expressing oocytes. As a positive control, CquiOR1·CquiOrco-expressing oocytes in the UM laboratory gave medium to large responses when challenged

with indole, 4-ethylphenol, 4-methylphenol, phenol, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that we did not challenge CquiOR161 with the right ligand, this seems unlikely as in both labs we subjected oocytes expressing the receptor to all currently known odorants with physiological and/or ecological significance in Culex mosquitoes. In conclusion, we have cloned four ORs, which are enriched in female mosquito antennae. Despite several attempts, one of them, CquiOR161,

was Nutlin3a silent as it did not respond to any of ligands tested. By contrast, CquiOR1 showed behavior NVP-BKM120 mw of a generalist OR as it responded to various compounds, including alcohols and ketones of biological significance. Another OR, CquiOR73, was more tuned to phenolic compounds, with eugenol, which is the major constituent of clover oil and has mosquito repellent activity, being the best ligand. Lastly, CquiOR44 showed robust responses only to plant-derived terpenoid compound, particularly fenchone. The newly de-orphanized ORs might be involved Y-27632 nmr in the detection of plant-derived kairomones and/or repellents. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institutes of Health under awards R01AI095514 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (to W.S.L.) and RO1DC011091 from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders (to C.W.L.). The content is solely the responsibility

of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIH. F.R.S. (Universidade de São Paulo, Campus of Piracicaba) received an undergraduate scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) under a FIPSE-CAPSE sponsored US-Brazil Higher education Consortium Program. FZ sabbatical leave at UC Davis was supported in part by the China Scholarship Council. “
“The authors regret “Table1. Results of hierarchical partitioning for the effect of climatic factors on soil, and the effect of climatic factors and Mg available on leaf, acorn and weevilMg” is wrong, and it should be “The results of hierarchical partitioning for the effect of climatic factors and acorn elements on the weevil larva stoichiometric composition and lipid”. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. “
“Pre-oral digestion is described as the liquefaction of the solid tissues of the prey caused by secretions of the predator.