6-9

Three studies used biochemical criteria for defining suspected NAFLD, whereas two studies defined suspected NAFLD based on imaging criteria. When interpreting the mortality data from NHANES III participants linked to the National Death Index, one should keep in mind that causes of death were attributed based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, which may be prone to misclassification. The study by Dunn et al.,6 published in 2008, was based on individuals aged 35-84 years at baseline and consisted of 980 individuals with suspected NAFLD and 6,594 controls. The presence of suspected NAFLD was defined biochemically (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] > 30 U/L in men and >19 U/L in women) and by excluding competing etiologies such as excessive alcohol consumption, iron overload, medications, and viral hepatitis. Over a mean follow-up of 8.7 years Palbociclib solubility dmso (range, 0.05-11.7 years), all-cause mortality was not higher among participants

with suspected NAFLD compared to controls without suspected NAFLD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.37, 95% 0.98-1.91). Interestingly, in the 45-54 age group, after controlling for 15 relevant covariates, participants with suspected NAFLD (n = 239) had significantly higher all-cause mortality (HR 4.10, find more 95% CI 1.27-13.23) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 8.43, 95% CI 2.43-22.72). However, participants with suspected NAFLD in the 55-85 age group (n = 352) did not have an increased all-cause or cardiovascular mortality compared to controls (n = 3,598). The authors did not report the results of the analyses that combined both of these age groups, i.e., 45-84 years. The study by Ong et al.,7 published in 2008, was based on all adult NHANES III participants (≥17 years) and it consisted of 817 participants with suspected NAFLD and 10,468 controls. The presence

of suspected NAFLD was defined biochemically (ALT > 40 U/L or aspartate aminotransferase [AST] >37 in men or ALT or AST >31 U/L in women) after excluding common competing etiologies. The median duration of follow-up was 8.7 years. After controlling for relevant medchemexpress covariates, individuals with suspected NAFLD had significantly higher overall mortality (HR 1.038, 95% CI 1.036-1.041) and liver-related mortality (HR 9.32, 95% CI 9.21-9.43). The study by Ruhl and Everhart,8 published in 2009, examined the relationship between ALT and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels and mortality among 14,950 participants in NHANES III who were negative for hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Elevated ALT was defined as >30 U/L in men and >19 U/L in women and elevated GGT was defined as >51 U/L in men and >33 U/L in women. The median duration of follow-up was 8.8 years (range, 0.02-12.1 years). In the multivariate analysis, elevated ALT was significantly associated with liver-related mortality (HR 8.2, 95% CI 2.1-13.9) but not all-cause or cardiovascular mortality.