9%.”
“Background: Knowledge of sleep aid use is limited despite the high prevalence of insomnia among women before, during, and following breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy treatments (CTX). This study’s purpose was to (1) determine the frequency and characteristics of participants taking sleep aid(s); (2) identify the frequency and percentage of sleep
aid use by category (prescription sedative/hypnotics, prescription anti-depressants, prescription analgesics, prescription anti-emetics, over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics, OTC cold/flu/sinus, selleck kinase inhibitor OTC sleep, alcohol, and herbal supplements); and (3) compare sleep aid use by category in the experimental and control groups within a randomized-controlled clinical trial (RCT).
Methods: Longitudinal, descriptive, secondary RCT data analysis of women (n=219) receiving out-patient CTX, and at 30, 60, and 90 days following the last CTX and 1 year following CTX1. Participants recorded daily sleep aid use on a Sleep Diary. Analyses included descriptives, chi-square, and RM-ANOVA.
Results: Approximately 20% of participants took at least one sleep aid before CTX1; usage decreased over time (12-18%); a second sleep aid was used infrequently. Prescription sedative/hypnotics (46%) and OTC analgesics (24%) were
used most frequently. OTC sleep aids were most commonly Smoothened Agonist used as a second aid. Prescription sedative/ hypnotics [F(7,211) = 4.26, p=0.00] and OTC analgesics [F(7,211) = 2.38, p=0.023] use decreased significantly over time.
Conclusions: Results reflect the natural course of CTX, recovery, and healing. Comprehensive screening for sleep-wake disturbances and sleep aid use may lead to a better understanding of the risks
and benefits of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions, and ultimately lead to selection of the safest and most effective treatment. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“We study here the p-type doping of PbTe with BaF2. For the investigation, PbTe layers were grown on (111) BaF2 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The beam flux ratio between BaF2 and PbTe, defined as the nominal doping level, was varied from 0.02% MK-2206 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor to 1%. The hole density increases from 5×10(17) to 1×10(19) cm(-3) as the doping level rises from 0.02% to 0.4% and saturates at p similar to 10(19) cm(-3) for higher levels. The saturation effect was attributed to self-compensation. The carrier concentration of all samples remained almost constant as the temperature was varied from 10 to 350 K, indicating that no thermal activation is present in the whole doping range. It suggests that the impurity level in PbTe doped with BaF2 remains resonant with the valence band, similar to the native defects behavior. The low-temperature mobility showed a pronounced reduction from 50 000 to 2 000 cm(2)/V s as the doping level rises from 0.02% to 1%, mainly due to the substantial increase in the hole concentration.