5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTP, 0.2 μM of each primer, and 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega), and 1 μl of the template DNA. Amplification conditions included an initial denaturation step of 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35

cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 56°C for 1 min and 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension step of 72°C for 5 min. PCR mixture and conditions for bssA followed what was previously described elsewhere [23]. Table 2 Primers for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation genes detection Primer Set Forward (F) and Reverse (R) Oligonucleotide Primer Sequences Expected amplicon size (bp) Reference SP9/ASP1 (bamA) F: 5`-CAG TAC AAY TCC TAC ACV ACB G-3` ~300 [20] R: 5`-C MAT GCC GAT YTC CTG RC-3` assA2F/R (assA) F: 5’-YAT GWA CTG GCA CGG MCA-3’ 440 Aitken et al., unpublished observations R: 5’-GCR TTT TCM ACC CAK GTA-3’ 7772 F/8546R (bssA) this website F: 5’-GAC ATG ACC GAC GCS ATY CT-3’ ~794 [22] R: 5’-TCG TCG TCR TTG CCC CAY TT-3’ Oligonucleotide primers used in PCR reactions for anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation detection. Molecular

techniques for bulk sediment: q-PCR for 16S rRNA and dsr genes Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) assays were carried out using ABIPrism 7500 (Applied Biosystems) detection system, to quantify abundance of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA, following manufacturer’s recommendations. Amplification consisted of a 25 μl reaction containing 12.5 μl of GoTaq® q-PCR Master PD173074 clinical trial Mix 2x (Promega), 40 mM Tris–HCl (pH Branched chain aminotransferase 8.4), 100 mM KCl. 6 mM MgCl2, 400 μM dATP, 400 μM dCTP, 400 μM dGTP, 800 μM dUTP, 40 U/ml UDG (Invitrogen), 200 nM of each primer, 0.5 μl ROX Reference Dye 50 mM (Invitrogen), 0.5 μl BSA (1 mg/ml), 5.5 μl H2O and 2 ng DNA. Oligonucleotide primers used were 357 F (5’-CTA CGG GRS GCA G-3’) and 529R (5’-CGC GGC TGC TGG CAG-3’), modified from Muyzer and colleagues [39]. The assays were performed in triplicates. A standard DNA sample was previously used to make a standard curve, and H2O was used as the negative

control. PCR conditions consisted of an initial denaturation step of 94°C for 3 min, followed by 30–40 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min and 72°C for 45 s. A q-PCR was also used to quantify SRB population, with ABIPrism 7500 (Applied Biosystems) detection system, to quantify abundance of the gene dsr. Amplification step was carried out with a 25 μl mixture containing 12.5 μl of GoTaq® q-PCR Master Mix 2x (Promega), 0.5 μl of each primer 10 μM, 0.5 μl BSA (1 mg/ml), 4.5 μl H2O and 2 ng DNA [41]. Oligonucleotide primers used were DSR1F (5’-ACS CAC TGG AAG CAC GGC GG-3’) and DSR-R (5’-GTG GMR CCG TGC AKR TTG G-3’) [23]. To both reactions (16S rRNA and dsr gene) efficiencies and melting curves were determined and RG7112 in vivo analysed using ABIPrism 7500 Detection System (Applied Biosystems).