cerevisiae strain (BY4741), on resistance to a wide variety of chemical inhibitors, 87 in total, including lipophilic and hydrophilic weak-acids, alcohols, chelating acids, ethers, aldehydes and esters. This was intended to map LGK-974 in vitro the physical and chemical characteristics of compounds to which Z. bailii is resistant. MIC tests were carried out for all compounds and the ratio of MICs between Z. bailii and S. cerevisiae was used as an indicator of extreme resistance. The data are summarised in Table 2 and the full data are recorded in Supplementary Data Table 1. Overall, Z. bailii was consistently far more resistant than S. cerevisiae to weak acids (30 tested), with a mean ratio of 2.98, indicating that the molar inhibitory

see more concentrations of weak acids were 3-fold higher for Z. bailii than S. cerevisiae. These

weak acids are very diverse in structure and properties, ranging from 2,4-dinitrophenol to 3-phenylpropiolic acid and adamantanecarboxylic acid. However, Z. bailii did not show any consistent increase in resistance over S. cerevisiae to aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, ethers or esters. Neither did Z. bailii show resistance to non-permeating ( Conway and Downey, 1950) chelating acids, such as citric acid, succinic acid or EDTA ( Stratford, 1999), which inhibit by absorbing minerals from the growth media. The chemical properties of the weak-acids to which Z. bailii showed extreme resistance were examined further. The aliphatic acid series from acetic acid to nonanoic acid all showed greater resistance by Z. bailii than S. cerevisiae but the overall pattern of resistance did not

change with increasing lipophilicity first ( Fig. 1A). There was an obvious, near logarithmic, fall in the MIC value with increasing chain length for both yeast species, which closely corresponds with the lipid solubility (partition coefficient—clogPoct). However, the ratio of resistance between the yeast species did not change with chain length. Examination of resistance to all other weak-acids in Z. bailii and S. cerevisiae, showed similar results. The data are presented as a scatter-plot in Fig. 1B. Despite the variations in pKa values between the different acids, the overall trend was that more hydrophobic acids with a higher partition coefficient were more toxic, with a lower MIC. However, the linear regression plots of Z. bailii and S. cerevisiae were almost parallel, showing no relative increase in Z. bailii resistance with hydrophobicity, as would be expected if resistance was due to alteration in membrane composition. Similarly, resistance due to altered membrane composition would also be expected to affect hydrophobic alcohols, ketones, esters and ethers in addition to weak acids. The data in Table 2 clearly show this not to be the case. It has been previously shown that resistance to sorbic acid in the spoilage yeast Z. bailii was largely due to small numbers of highly resistant cells within the cell population ( Steels et al., 2000).