Certain E. coli clones with specific virulence factors

are involved in extraintestinal infections the so called extraintestinal pathoghenic E. coli (ExPEC), and these bacteria often cause both urinary tract infections and septicemia. Furthermore, specific E. coli are involved in childhood diarrhea, (enteropathogenic E. coli), tourist diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), and recently, bloody diarrhea associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (verotoxin-producing E. coli). In the 1970′s, it was found that hemolytic E. coli were linked to active UC, although it was believed that the hemolytic E. coli were innocent bystanders, and their presence in the colon was assisted by the inflammation but did not cause it [6]. On the other hand, it has been shown that apathogenic E. coli prevents relapse of UC just as well as mesalazine [7]. Furthermore, E. coli has been linked to CD, since an abundance of specific adherent-invasive E. coli was found in resected ileum from patients Selleck LY2835219 with CD, compared to non inflamed ileum resected due to other causes [8, 9]. Very recently, it was demonstrated by ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis that enterobacteriaceae are more abundant in tissue samples from patients with IBD compared to controls, and after culture, specific phylogenetic groups of E. coli were found to be more frequent among Cilengitide clinical trial patients with UC and CD [10]. Moreover, it has been shown that E. coli are very predominant

in inflamed mucosa of patients with UC, and that these strains based on 16 S rRNA PCR are “”active”" and overrepresented in comparison with the microbiota of healthy controls, who generally had a higher biodiversity of the active microbiota [11]. In addition, an exuberant inflammatory response to E. coli has been demonstrated among patients with UC [12]. The aim of our study was to characterize possible differences in phylogenetic group, serotype, ExPEC

genes and virulence between E. coli isolated from patients with active IBD, patients with inactive disease and healthy controls, as well as to examine whether multilocus sequence learn more typing (MLST) could further Janus kinase (JAK) distinguish between these E. coli. MLST is considered the most stable and appropriate of currently available molecular typing techniques for long term epidemiology and for the identification of bacterial lineages that have an increased propensity to cause disease [13]. Results Fecal samples were collected from 18 patients with IBD with present or past involvement of the left side of the colon and from 10 healthy controls. In both patients and controls, a sigmoidoscopy was performed. Ten patients were found to have a non-inflamed mucosa, whereas 8 had clear inflammation in the sigmoid colon. More detailed characteristics of patients are presented in Table 1. A total of 26 E. coli strains were isolated from study subjects. From 3 patients and 1 control, no E. coli could be isolated. From one patient with active IBD and one patient with inactive IBD two different E.