: Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae . Science 2001,293(5529):498–506.PubMedCrossRef 45. O’Farrell PH: High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. Vistusertib in vivo J Biol Chem 1975,250(10):4007–4021.PubMed Authors’ contributions CJS and BJH carried out the isolation of protein lysates, 1DGE and 2DGE separations, and immunoblots. AL critically reviewed the MALDI-TOF data. PS developed antiserum

against biofilm pneumococci. GTC and CJO participated in the design and coordination of the studies. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Microbes, including bacteria, viruses and protists, reside both on the surface and deep within numerous sites in the human body. It is estimated that trillions of microorganisms inhabit the average healthy human and that microbial cell counts in and on the human body outnumber the human cells by a factor of 10 [1, 2]. Studies confirm that humans live in a symbiosis with most of these microbes, whose roles span from harmless to important to life and health [1, 3, 4]. However, microorganisms can also be detrimental to their host

and cause diseases CYT387 in vivo such as digestive disorders, obesity, skin diseases, oral disease, bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexual transmitted diseases and urinary tract infections (UTI) [2, 5–9]. Urine within the urinary tract has in general Sitaxentan been considered PRN1371 solubility dmso sterile [10, 11], based upon a lack of culturable microbial cells present in urine specimens obtained by the clean-catch method and by catheterization [12–15]. Confirmation of a UTI relies on demonstrating significant bacteriuria (or funguria) in a voided midstream urine sample. Traditionally, 105 colony-forming units per ml (CFU/ml) is the threshold for defining

a positive (significant) culture result [16, 17]. Conventional culturing techniques favor the fast growing and modest bacteria, whereas fastidious bacteria can evade the standard culture conditions [18]. The presence of intracellular bacteria in uroepithelial cells [19], and even biofilm formation in the urinary tract has been suggested [20, 21]. Investigation of healthy urine specimens has demonstrated the presence of non-culturable bacterial cells [22]. These findings stress that bacteria present in urine specimens can escape detection by culture-dependent methods, and that the current view of bacterial diversity in urine thus may be incomplete. This leaves a cryptic fraction of bacteria that may be explored by other means.