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J, Szwarc H, Moussa F: Toxicity studies of fullerenes and derivatives. Bio-Applications of Nanoparticles 2007, 620:168–180.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions KW and ZG participated in the animal experiment. GG, YW, and OSBPL9 YW designed and participated in the animal experiments. GS synthesized the photoluminescent carbon dots evaluated in this research. DC participated in the design and the coordination of this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In the recent years, attention has been focused on carbon-based nanomaterials to face environmental issues [1]. Mainly in the form of carbon nanotubes, these nanomaterials were advantageously used as building blocks for water filtration and gas permeation membranes, adsorbents, and environmentally friendly energy applications such as gas storage or electrodes for (bio) fuel cells [2–8]. Since 1980, carbon membranes have shown interesting performances, particularly in gas separation [9]. The chemical and physical features of carbon nanomaterials experimentally depend on the raw materials and on the preparation process. In a global and integrated sustainable route, biomass can be advantageously used as a carbon source [2, 5, 10–18].