In the latter case, no correlation is expected between initial state, end state, and duration. Our data support the first hypothesis in the case of sleep spindles. We found a robust correlation between the participation probability of nRT cells in the first cycle and the length of the spindle (Figure 7A). A similar, though weaker

relationship existed between spindle duration and both the participation probability and spike/burst of TC cells. We also observed a strong correlation between the participation probability of nRT cells in the first and the last cycles (Figure 7C). These data indicate that the initial state of the network has strong influence DAPT concentration on spindle duration, and, once a spindle is launched,

it does not evolve randomly but follows a rigid trajectory between fixed start and end points. The optogenetic experiments, however, indicated that there is no fixed correlation between the magnitude of nRT activation and the evoked spindle length. This suggests that spindle duration is determined by more complex variables, such as the precise state of neuromodulators selleck inhibitor and/or degree of cortical drive present at spindle initiation. Such variables would affect both the nRT firing pattern seen on the first cycle, and phenomena controlling spindle duration, such as the speed at which nRT cells become hyperpolarized as the spindle progresses. Our data indicate that quantitative cycle-by-cycle analysis of excitatory and inhibitory activity can be used to test hypotheses regarding what determines the duration of transient network events. Because short, transient oscillations with widely different frequencies are abundant in the

brain (e.g., type II theta activity, alpha waves, transient gamma oscillations, sharp wave ripples, etc.), similar analyses may help to determine the mechanisms of these oscillations. The duration of transient oscillatory events is plastic, changing both under healthy conditions (e.g., following learning) and also in case of neurological diseases. Thus, defining the mechanism underlying the duration of these transients can lead to better understanding of the temporal organization of neuronal activity in both healthy and diseased states. All animal procedures were approved by the Institute Isotretinoin of Experimental Medicine Protection of Research Subjects Committee as well as the Food-Safety and Animal-Health Office of the Pest District Government Bureau, which is in line with the European Union regulation of animal experimentations. For general surgical procedures, see Barthó et al. (2004). Briefly, 41 male Wistar rats were used in the study. For anesthetized experiments (n = 36), rats were administered 1.5 g/kg urethane, the skull was opened over somatosensory cortex and thalamus (−3.0 AP, 2.8 ML from Bregma), dura was removed, and silicon microelectrodes (Neuronexus Technologies) were lowered into the brain.