It is possible that most of these patients get infected by contact with a taenia carrier.

The time p38 MAPK signaling pathway elapsed between disease acquisition and symptoms occurrence suggests that, at least in some patients, clinical manifestations are related to reactivation of an infection that has previously been controlled by the host immune system. Neurocysticercosis is the most common helminthic infection of the nervous system, and a major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide.1 The disease occurs when humans become intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Taenia solium by ingesting its eggs from contaminated food or, most often, directly from a taenia carrier (fecal-oral route). Within the central nervous system, parasites may lodge in the brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or spinal cord, causing a myriad of pathological changes that are responsible for the clinical pleomorphism of neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is endemic in most Dabrafenib purchase of the developing world. There, millions of people are infected by cysticerci, and many of them will eventually experience the clinical consequences of this infection.2 Neurocysticercosis was rare in developed countries up to the past few decades. Together with the growing number of immigrants from endemic areas, there has been

an increase in the number of patients with cysticercosis in some of these countries.3,4 Also, increased tourism and international business affairs have rendered people from nonendemic areas more susceptible to acquire this parasitic disease. Neurocysticercosis in travelers has not been well characterized, and available information on these individuals is scarce and incomplete.5 The main purpose of this study is to present a review of the literature on neurocysticercosis in citizens from nonendemic countries who developed the disease after a travel to disease-endemic regions, to estimate the magnitude of the disease, and to describe the pattern of disease expression in this population. A literature search of neurocysticercosis occurring

oxyclozanide in citizens from nonendemic countries who had history of travel to disease-endemic countries over the past 30 years (1981–2011) was performed using the electronic database of MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA). Key words “cysticercosis” and “neurocysticercosis” were combined with “travel,”“traveler,” and with the name of each of the countries traditionally considered as nonendemic, including Western European countries, African and Middle-East countries of the Arab World, Israel, some American countries (Argentina, Belize, Canada, Surinam, United States, and Uruguay), Islands of the Caribbean Basin (except Haiti and Dominican Republic), and some countries of Asia and Oceania (Australia, Japan, Malaysia, and New Zealand).