Overall, these studies serve to validate this HPLC/MS method as an accurate analytical technique to quantitatively measure the levels of 5mC and 5hmC, the proposed substrate and product of TET1 in the CNS. To assess whether TET1 was capable of catalyzing 5mC hydroxylation and triggering a decrease in 5mC levels via active DNA demethylation, we stereotaxically injected AAVs overexpressing a hemagglutinin

(HA)-tagged catalytic domain of human TET1, or a catalytically inactive version (TET1m), into the dorsal hippocampus (Guo et al., 2011b). At 2 weeks postinfection, AAV-mediated Obeticholic Acid expression was consistently observed throughout the entire dorsal half of the hippocampus (Figure 3A). Immunostaining of coronal sections and western blots confirmed consistent expression of both peptides in area CA1 (Figures 3B and 3C). We next assessed the functional consequences of TET1 and TET1m overexpression by measuring the global levels of 5hmC, 5mC and cytosine in microdissected CA1 tissue using our HPLC/MS analysis system previously optimized for accuracy and sensitivity (Figures 2A–2D). We found that after 14 days, 5hmC levels in CA1 increased from 0.49% in controls to 0.95% of all cytosines in tissue overexpressing TET1 (Figure 3D). Likewise, the amount of

5mC in TET1 samples was reduced by 41%, as would be expected by conversion of 5mC into 5hmC (Figure 3E). Finally, in AAV-TET1-injected samples, we observed a significant DAPT increase in the global levels of unmodified cytosines compared to both controls (Figure 3F). No statistically significant alterations in the levels of 5mC, 5hmC, or cytosine

were observed from tissue infected with the catalytically inactive TET1m. Our analyses of global modified cytosines provides direct evidence that overexpression of TET1 in vivo, in the CNS, leads to increased 5mC to 5hmC conversion and promotes active DNA demethylation. Previous work has provided evidence that overexpression of the TET1 catalytic domain in the dentate gyrus results in the increased expression levels of both Bdnf and the brain-specific isoform of the gene Fgf1B. Therefore, we reexamined Rolziracetam the effects of TET1 on the expression of the synaptic plasticity-associated gene Bdnf and several other candidate genes formerly reported to either positively and negatively impact memory formation ( Figure 3G). As a control, we examined a number of genes normally used for quantitative real-time PCR normalization due to their constitutive activity, as it is related to their roles in the maintenance of basic cellular functions and, thus, not generally influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. With the exception of glucuronidase beta (Gusb), expression of either TET1 or TET1m had no effect on the expression levels of these “housekeeping” genes.