Plasmids

of known sizes isolated from E. coli V517 and 39R861 were used as controls. PFGE Selection of strains used for genotypic analysis was based on location and year of isolation and antibiotic resistance profiles. PFGE was performed using the Pulsenet recommended procedure [40]. The plugs containing agarose-embedded DNA were digested with 50 Units of SfiI (40 Units/μL) or NotI (10 Units/μL). Fragments from Xba1-digested Salmonella Braenderup H9812 were used as molecular size markers. Results and discussion Antibiotic susceptibility tests and conjugation tests All the 65 strains showing resistance to the Chl-Strep-Sul-Trim combinations RAD001 concentration transferred this phenotype to E. coli C600 en bloc. The frequency of transfer, expressed as number of transconjugants per recipients, STA-9090 clinical trial ranged between 2.3 × 10-6 and 3.0 × 10-6 with an average of 2.6 × 10-6. PCR analysis of the donor strains and the E. coli C600 transconjugants amplified a 626 bp fragment of sulII gene encoding resistance to sulfamethoxazole, a 278 bp amplicon corresponding to the dfrA1 gene encoding resistance to trimethoprim, a 515 bp fragment of strB encoding resistance to streptomycin, a 526 bp fragment of floR AZD1480 cell line gene conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and a 1035 bp fragment corresponding to

the integrase gene of the SXT/R391 ICE family, thus confirming co-transfer of resistance markers and this element. The trpM gene of the transposon Tn21 was not detected in the transconjugants indicating that this transposon had not been acquired via conjugation. The dfrA18 gene was not detected in any of the isolates analysed. Similarly, attempts to isolate plasmids in the donor strains and transconjugants were not successful. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Pugliese et al. [7] who demonstrated the co-transfer

of the SXT-like element with the genes encoding the Chl-Strep-Sul-Trim phenotype in O1 strains isolated locally in during the 1998-1999. These workers also found that some strains had an incC plasmid harbouring a gene conferring resistance to tetracycline and while other strains were resistant to ampicillin but we did not identify any strain in our collection bearing these resistance patterns. V. cholerae O1 strains resistant Vasopressin Receptor to tetracycline have previously been reported in Kenya [6] and Zambia [41] in the 1990s, but those isolated from Ethiopia [42] and Somalia [43] in the same period were susceptible to this antibiotic. Furthermore, strains isolated from previous outbreaks in Kenya were known to exhibit resistance to ampicillin [7], doxycycline and streptomycin [44]. None of the strains we studied were resistant to furazolidone as was the case with strains isolated from Mozambican immigrants in South Africa [45]. Similarly, none of these strains were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, amikacin and gentamicin as has been the case with strains previously reported from Ghana [46].