ruber M7 in our laboratory (unpublished data), and we hope that further investigation Selleckchem Birinapant of these genes will improve

our understanding of the regulation mechanism of the G-protein signalling pathway in Monascus spp. We thank Dr Youxiang Zhou from the Food Quality Inspection and Testing Center of Agricultural Ministry of China in Hubei for his aid in citrinin HPLC analysis, and Dr Daohong Jiang from Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, for providing vectors pCAMBIA3300 and pSKH. This research work was financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of the People’s Republic of China (863 Program: 2006AA10Z1A3) and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of the Ministry of Education Bcl-2 activation of the People’s Republic of China (NCET-05-0667). “
“A Caulobacter crescentus rho∷Tn5 mutant strain presenting a partially functional transcription termination factor Rho is highly sensitive to hydrogen peroxide in both exponential and stationary phases. The mutant was shown to be permanently under oxidative stress, based on fluorophore oxidation, and also to be sensitive to tert-butyl hydroperoxide and paraquat. However, the results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutases CuZnSOD and FeSOD and the alkylhydroperoxide Phospholipase D1 reductase ahpC

mRNA levels in the rho mutant were comparable to the wild-type control in the exponential and stationary phases. In contrast, the KatG catalase activity of the rho mutant strain was drastically decreased and did not show the expected increase in the stationary phase compared with the exponential phase. Transcription of the katG gene was increased in the rho mutant and the levels of the immunoreactive KatG protein do not differ considerably compared with the wild type in the stationary phase, suggesting that KatG activity is affected in a translational or a post-translational

step. Bacteria utilize two mechanisms for termination of transcription: intrinsic termination, determined primarily by cis elements in the mRNA, and a mechanism dependent on the trans-acting protein, Rho. Rho is a hexameric RNA/DNA helicase that binds to rut (Rho utilization) sites in mRNA, is translocated in an ATP-dependent process and eventually dissociates the transcription complex, resulting in transcription termination (Richardson, 2002; Ciampi, 2006). The importance of Rho-dependent termination in bacterial physiology is clearly established by the fact that rho is essential for viability in several well-studied Gram-negative species, Escherichia coli, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Caulobacter crescentus (Das et al., 1976; Gomelsky & Kaplan, 1996; Italiani & Marques, 2005).