Samples can also be taken to test for BMN 673 the presence of virus, including oesophagopharyngeal mucus scrapings

collected with a probang cup to detect virus carriers. An epidemiological enquiry is also required. At the end of these investigations the herd/flock must be categorised as to whether or not infected animals are present. The OIE Code clearly describes in Article 8.61 that the occurrence of FMDV infection is confirmed if FMDV is isolated from an animal [19]. The culling strategies for post-outbreak eradication to recover the FMD-free status are summarised in Article 8.6.47 as “the slaughter of all clinically affected and in-contact susceptible animals, but there is no discussion of the requirements to remove subclinically affected animals (that could be cases of recent, historic or carrier infection) if identified only by serology, in the absence of clinically affected companion animals. The EU Directive requires the stamping out of holdings AZD5363 mouse containing at least one animal where the

presence of FMDV is confirmed [9]. As well as depopulation of the susceptible species present, animal products must be treated or disposed of and holdings must be cleansed and disinfected before restocking. Control zones must be established to monitor and regulate animals in surrounding herds. On holdings containing NSP reactors but where further testing confirms the absence of circulating FMDV, the NSP positive animals must be culled. Other test-negative animals in the herd should also be killed but may be slaughtered under

controlled conditions and their meat is subject to deboning and maturation Isotretinoin (ruminants) or processing into meat products. In case of pork their carcasses can go for consumption (Supplementary Table 2). Cleansing and disinfection of the premises is still required, but no control zones are imposed on neighbouring premises. Thus, the actions required are clearly distinct where acutely infected animals are confirmed (after their detection by virological means or paired serology) compared to other situations where NSP seroreactors are found. However, for both OIE and EU, the presence of a carrier animal (confirmed by virus detection) would invoke the full implications of a new outbreak [9] and [19]. The requirement to kill the whole herd, including seronegative animals, when FMD infection is confirmed only by serology, could be modified to meet the recommendations of Arnold et al. [43], by selectively removing only the seropositive animals. But the compatibility of this alteration with the requirements of the Directive for cleansing, disinfection and controlled restocking of the herd would also have to be considered. The declaration of an outbreak has important implications for trade.