Since then, the science of cryopreservation has constantly grown and now is the basis of many fields of research and therapeutic applications [37] and [38]. Today, many biological samples, like spermatozoa, oocytes, hepatocytes or even parts of tissue can be successfully cryopreserved for long periods of time [1], [14], [22] and [30]. However, for optimal post-thawing application of cell samples, the cryopreservation

techniques have to meet several important requirements. Thawed cells have to show reliable survival rates and adequate functionality, while at the same time sterility of the samples has to be assured. In addition, cryopreservation protocols should be easily applicable, reproducible, and standardized to make them universally usable. Optimal cryopreservation protocols should be capable of handling bulk quantities and be easily automated. It is possible to combine many of those requirements Veliparib clinical trial with slow rate freezing in suspension for a variety of cell types. But many therapeutically relevant cells are highly NVP-BEZ235 mw sensitive to freezing and thawing procedures and compromises have to be made. Human embryonic stem cells, as well as morphologically similar induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which can function as a model system for genetic disorders, play an important role in tissue engineering, pharmacology and

basic scientific research, but show great challenges for successful http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Neratinib(HKI-272).html cryopreservation and storage [9], [12], [13], [18], [28], [39] and [45]. Colony forming cells, like hESCs, therefore require the development of new techniques to meet adequate cryopreservation standards for application in clinical settings [11], [20], [21] and [34]. We recently introduced a surface dependent, enzyme-free method for effective cryopreservation using direct immersion in liquid nitrogen [5]. The basis for this technique was the combination of surface based cryopreservation with the principle of vitrification. This led to high survival rates and low differentiation rates after freezing and re-warming. Surface-based cryopreservation has the advantages of leaving cells in their physiological, in vitro state, maintaining cell-to-cell

contacts, e.g. in colonies and with surrounding feeder cells, and minimizing chemical and mechanical stress by avoiding enzymatic dissociation or detachment of the colonies [19] and [31]. In addition, colonies do not have to reattach after thawing and the possible number of colonies that can be cryopreserved simultaneously is very high [4], [16] and [23]. However, adherent cryopreservation renders cells more sensitive to cryo-damages through ice crystallization, which is a limiting factor of slow rate freezing approaches [2], [6], [19], [31] and [46]. Surface-based cryopreservation of hESCs at cooling rates around −1 °C/min results in low survival rates and a high post thawing rate of apoptosis and spontaneous differentiation [4], [17], [21] and [23].