The possibility that ET binds on specific subsets of neural cells has been addressed by analysing ET cell binding, Dasatinib either using ET-GFP, ET tagged with Alexa 488as well as 125I-ET or by the aid of immunolabeling techniques. Overall, ET binding on neural tissue is observed in the same gross structures as those displaying tissular lesions following in vivo exposure to ET (naturally occurring- or experimental disease). For instance, ET binds to the cerebellum,

hippocampus, thalamus, cerebral white matter and commissures, and basal ganglia ( Dorca-Arévalo et al., 2008; Lonchamp et al., 2010). However, as discussed below, there is no perfect matching between cellular binding and the observed cellular damage. Using slices of mouse cerebellum submitted to ET (ET being applied on acute slices or after fixation of the slices), examination of the cellular localization of ET immunostaining has revealed that IDO inhibitor the toxin binds to the cell body of cerebellar granule cells,

which are glutamatergic neurons (Fig. 1A and C). This identification is confirmed by the observation that ET colocalizes with specific granule cells markers such as the alpha-6-GABAA receptor subunit or potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b (Lonchamp et al., 2010). In the granule cells layer of the cerebellar cortex, ET colocalizes with MAP-2 (microtubules-associated protein-2) denoting that ET decorates not only the somata but also the dendritic trees of granule cells.

In primary culture, ET binds to mouse and PLEKHM2 rat granule cells, too (Lonchamp et al., 2010, and Fig. 1B). In a sharp contrast, studies performed by incubating sections of mouse cerebellum with ET-GFP have not shown significant labelling of granule cells (Dorca-Arévalo et al., 2008). Perhaps the discrepancy between these studies is related to the use of ET vs. ET-GFP, or to the timing in the tissue fixation. Indeed, when ET is applied onto cerebellar slices, intensity of ET labelling in white mater and oligodendrocytes increases greatly with incubation time (unpublished data), possibly occluding signal from granule cells. In the mouse cerebellum, not all neurons are recognized by ET: Indeed, this toxin is detected neither onto the GABAergic interneurons like the basket cells, stellate cells and Golgi cells nor onto the large Purkinje cells (which are GABA-ergic) ( Lonchamp et al., 2010). Therefore, ET is able to bind to a subset of neurons. The question of whether neurons targeted in other brain regions are glutamatergic remains to be addressed. Importantly, there is no clear correlation between manifestation of cellular damage and susceptibility to ET. Indeed, a possibility to consider is that the cellular and tissular alterations observed in brain tissue (Tables 2 and 3) in the context of enterotoxaemia may result in part from indirect action of ET.