The univariate Searchlight revealed that individual variability was larger in the situational non-translation (SnT) language-switching condition than in the focused simultaneous translation (FST) language-switching condition. In the SnT session, the informative voxels were spread in the bilateral occipital, temporal lobe, and some discrete

regions. In contrast, the results of the FST were concentrated along the routes connecting regions around the left fusiform, left and right lingual and left supramarginal gyri. In FST, all of the participants showed a similar trend, with a coherent and intense band of sensitivity. This result suggests that in the relatively difficult FST language-switching task, the participants Ku-0059436 cost needed

more attentive control, and so the activations of the brain were more intense and regulated. Note that the lingual region is believed to play a role in visual search and attentional control during language switching (Wang et al., 2007). An interesting finding is that the Searchlight did not detect any important voxels in the frontal lobe. Bcl-2 inhibitor In contrast, GLM detected a significant activation in the frontal region for the k2k-vs-c2c and k2c-vs-c2k conditions. Because Korean uses an alphabetic writing system, the activations in the left middle frontal gyrus (Broca’s area), left precentral and left caudate might be related to alphabetic reading. In contrast, it is possible that the clusters of informative voxels and significant activations found in the occipital lobe by both the Searchlight and GLM (c2k-vs-k2c) methods during the presentation of the Chinese stimuli were due to the logographic aspect of the Chinese character stimuli (Liu and Perfetti, 2003, Siok et al., 2004, Tan et al.,

2001 and Wang et al., 2007). Furthermore, Crinion et al. (2006) found that the left caudate played a role in monitoring and controlling bilinguals’ use of languages, which is also endorsed by our GLM result from k2k-vs-c2c. Left temporal activation may be related to general language processing, while activation in the right Ribonucleotide reductase temporal gyrus (k2c-vs-c2k) may be related to attentional demand required for language processing (Sabri et al., 2008). Literature investigating language switching has also implicated the left fusiform. Notably, an investigation by Abutalebi et al. (2007) that applied auditory stimuli to detect language switching demonstrated that the left BA37 (-38,-25,-18) was important for controlling lexical-semantic processing. Other studies illustrated that activity in the fusiform gyrus might be indicative of some other cognitive processes (Guo et al., 2011, Hernandez, 2009, Hernandez and Meschyan, 2006 and Price et al., 1999; Moritz-Gassera & Duffau, 2009). Investigations using invasive techniques (Duffau et al., 2014, Kho et al.