5 and 5.5% of control activity for 100 mu M of baicalin and baicalein, respectively. Noncompetitive inhibition was demonstrated for the inhibition

of baicalein towards UGT1A10, and the inhibition kinetic parameter (K-i) was calculated to be 8.1 mu M. All these results showed the stronger inhibition capability of baicalin than baicalein towards intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A10.”
“Background-The influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 genotype on platelet function in patients treated with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel is unknown.

Methods and Results-CYP2C19 (*1, *2, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, *17) genotyping was performed in patients with coronary artery disease treated with ticagrelor (180-mg load, 90 mg BID) (n=92) or clopidogrel check details VX-689 cell line (600-mg load, 75 mg/d) (n=82). All patients received 75 to 100 mg/d aspirin. Platelet function was measured by aggregometry, VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-phosphorylation

assay at predose, 8 hours postloading, and maintenance. In each treatment group, patients were categorized according to 2C19 genotype carrier status (loss-of-function, gain-of-function) and metabolizer status. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare platelet function among these categories for each treatment, and Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare platelet function between the clopidogrel and ticagrelor groups for each category. There was no statistically significant influence of genotype on platelet function during aspirin therapy alone. Ticagrelor exhibited lower platelet reactivity than clopidogrel by all assays irrespective of 2C19 genotype or metabolizer status (P<0.01). Loss-of-function carriers had greater platelet reactivity during clopidogrel therapy. The influence of genotype on platelet reactivity was greatest during clopidogrel

maintenance and best demonstrated by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay.

Conclusions-This report is the first to demonstrate the superior pharmacodynamic effect of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel irrespective of CYP2C19 click here genotype. Whereas CYP2C19 genotype influenced the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, there was no effect of CYP2C19 genotype during ticagrelor therapy.”
“Background: Early substance use (SU) in adolescence is known to be associated with an elevated risk of developing substance use disorders (SUD); it remains unclear though whether early SU is associated with more rapid transitions to SUD.

Objective: To examine the risk and speed of transition from first SU (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis) to SUD as a function of age of first use.

Methods: N=3021 community subjects aged 14-24 years at baseline were followed-up prospectively over 10-years. SU and SUD were assessed using the DSM-IV/M-CTDI.

Results: (1) The conditional probability of substance-specific SU-SUD transition was the greatest for nicotine (36.0%) and the least for cannabis (18.3% for abuse, 6.