A retrospective cohort study concerning 132 stillbirths from 124 pregnancies occurred in the Mother-Infant Department of the University Hospital Selleckchem Autophagy inhibitor of Modena, Italy, from January 2000 to December 2004. Collected data were reviewed and classified according to the Gardosi ReCoDe system.
A reasonable cause of fetal death was identified in 99/124 pregnancies (79.84%). No associated relevant factors were disclosed in 25 fetuses (20.16%) classified as unexplained stillbirths. A succeeding scrupulous analysis of the placenta and an accurate clinical record review were useful to detect other conditions in 82 cases, including 5
cases of unexplained stillbirth. The major relevant conditions associated to stillbirths were feto-placental infection especially in the early fetal gestation age, under the 24th week of gestation, and placental insufficiency occurred both in early and late gestation age fetuses and mainly associated with a IUGR
(< 10th customized percentile). The main frequent secondary conditions were represented by placental anomalies including cluster of avascular villi with stromal fibrosis associated to thrombosis in minor and/or major vessel(s). Through the further analysis of the placenta, we were able to reduce the unexplained stillbirth rate from 20.16 to 15%.
Accurate fetal buy NU7441 autopsy and placental examination related to meticulous clinical collecting data are requisites in the valuation of stillbirth and could play an important role in reduction of unexplained stillbirth rate.”
“A systematic protocol to fabricate self-assembly deoxycholate-chitosan nanospheres (DC-CsNS) by gamma-ray pre-irradiation and chemical modification was studied. Hydrophobic deoxycholic acid moieties were chemically conjugated to pre-irradiated chitosan. The influences of chitosan physical forms (i.e., colloid and flake) during irradiation, radiation doses, Selleck DZNeP and the reaction system (heterogeneous or homogeneous) on the chemical modification and the particle shape and size were investigated. Pre-irradiation of chitosan
in colloidal form produced smaller DC-CsNS particle size than that of flake form. In the heterogeneous reaction, the pre-irradiated dose influenced the DC-CsNS particle size, whereas in the homogeneous reaction all pre-irradiation doses gave an identical average size range of 30-50 nm. By pre-irradiation (10 kGy) of chitosan in colloidal form before heterogeneous chemical conjugation, it is possible to obtain DC-CsNS with an average size of 46 nm. DC-CsNS of about 50 nm in size could also be synthesized using homogeneous chemical conjugation onto non-irradiated chitosan with the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 3309-3320, 2012″
“In the study, we introduced the local mean free path of phonons with boundary effects.