Conclusion: The iScore reliably predicts stroke outcomes after tPA in Asiatic population.”
“Background and Purpose: The forces needed to move the ureteroscope up and down the urinary tract may injure the ureter, but a method to measure these forces in patients is lacking. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a novel method for measuring the pushing and pulling forces exerted on a semirigid ureteroscope during ureteroscopy (URS) in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods: During 2010 to 2011, 20 patients planned for retrograde

flexible URS or percutaneous lithotripsy for renal pelvic stones were recruited to a study measuring the forces exerted on a semirigid ureteroscope during retrograde selleck inhibitor URS. A coupling device was constructed to connect a digital force meter to a standard semirigid ureteroscope. The pushing and pulling forces, given in Newton (N), were measured at four defined locations in the ureter. The experiment was repeated twice to evaluate the reproducibility of the results. Paired-samples t test and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) addressed the reproducibility selleck kinase inhibitor of the results.

Results: The force meter did not disturb the endoscopic procedure, and the force measurements were performed as

intended. The results were reproducible at repeated measurements, with the ICC ranging from minimum 0.737 to maximum 0.812 at the different measuring locations in the ureter. The mean forces needed for insertion of the ureteroscope increased from 4.4 N (+/- 3.6 N) at the distal part of the ureter to 9.7 N (+/- 7.3 N) at the proximal

part with large interpatient variation. Similar but smaller forces were found for retraction.

Conclusion: The present method is proven to reliably measure forces exerted on the ureteroscope Selleck RSL 3 in a clinical setting. This opens the opportunity for further force studies on endoscopic procedures to make URS safer.”
“Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) was defined in the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines on hospital-acquired pneumonia in 2005. However, little is known about the occurrence of HCAP in Japan. A retrospective review of background characteristics, pathological conditions, causative organisms, initial treatments, and risk factors for HCAP was conducted to determine the relationship of HCAP to community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Thirty-five patients who were admitted to our hospital for pneumonia acquired outside our hospital were included and were stratified by disease severity according to the Japanese Respiratory Society risk stratification guidelines (A-DROP [age, dehydration, respiratory failure, orientation disturbance, and shock blood pressure] criteria). All patients had an underlying disease.