Multi-lineage (ML) genes show imprinted expression in both the embryo and extra-embryonic tissues, while extra-embryonic lineage-specific (EXEL) genes show imprinted expression restricted to specific cell lineages in the placenta and visceral yolk sac. EXEL genes are an example of long-range cis-silencing by a macro ncRNA, as they are located in the outer region of an imprinted cluster at a greater distance from the macro ncRNA than ML genes ( Figure 1) [ 11••]. Long ncRNAs Natural Product Library mouse are widespread throughout the genome and include a group known as long intergenic

ncRNAs or lincRNAs, which are defined by an H3K4me3-H3K36me3 chromatin signature [12 and 13]. Some lincRNAs are associated with long-range cis-activation of neighbouring genes [ 14]; for example, HOTTIP and Mistral activate nearby, but not distant, genes in

the HOXD and HOXA clusters by recruiting the H3K4me3 methyltransferase MLL1 [ 15 and 16•]. Other lincRNAs are implicated in gene silencing. Approximately 20% of lincRNAs are associated with polycomb complex 2 (PRC2), which deposits the repressive H3K27me3 modification [ 17]. The human lincRNA HOTAIR expressed from the HOXC cluster acts in trans by targeting PCR2 to the HOXD cluster and causing gene silencing [ 18]; however, this function is not conserved in mouse [ 19••]. The function of most lincRNAs remains unknown, but the example of imprinted macro ncRNAs indicates that some may regulate nearby genes by long-range cis-silencing. Another example of buy BAY 73-4506 long-range cis-silencing by a long ncRNA is X chromosome inactivation, which is regulated by Xist ncRNA

FER [ 20]. However, X-inactivation results in silencing of a whole chromosome whereas imprinted macro ncRNAs silence a more limited domain of protein-coding genes, making them the more appropriate model to understand how long-range cis-silencing by lincRNAs may work [ 21•]. Two types of cis-silencing can be mediated by macro ncRNAs: short-range silencing occurs when the ncRNA transcript fully or partially overlaps the regulated gene, while long-range silencing refers to regulation of non-overlapped genes. This review concentrates on recent findings on the mechanism of long-range cis-silencing by ncRNAs. A fundamental question is whether macro ncRNA silencing of gene expression requires the ncRNA product or if transcription alone is responsible for silencing. This question arises because features of imprinted macro ncRNAs, including the lack of sequence conservation, a low splicing rate and their unusually large size do not indicate a function for the RNA product [ 22 and 23]. The role of long ncRNAs in regulating genes in the surrounding imprinted cluster has been tested in four cases. The H19 ncRNA is fully spliced and thus not a macro ncRNA, and it is also not responsible for cis-silencing in the Igf2 cluster, but instead has been reported to regulate imprinted genes in trans, a function that may relate to its role as a micro RNA host transcript [ 24].

e. males in visuo-spatial tasks and females in verbal and emotional intelligence tasks. However, in spite of the long research tradition, the functional and structural foundation Epacadostat ic50 of the neural efficiency phenomenon remains largely unclear. The findings of this study suggest that neural efficiency in men may be associated with more FA accompanied by lower RD (higher degree of myelination). Interestingly, Huster, Westerhausen, and Herrmann (2010) reported that interindividual variations in callosal morphology are associated with electrophysiological and behavioral performance measures. Large middle and posterior subregions of the CC were correlated with low reaction times

and low stop-related P300. This is in line with our assumption that more FA in higher intelligent males may actually be associated with more efficient brain functioning by reducing inter-hemispheric transfer time. Although neural efficiency has been shown repeatedly when working on verbal tasks in the female brain (Neubauer et al., 2002 and Neubauer et al., 2005), we observed no relationship between intelligence and white matter microstructure for females.

Thus, efficient processing OTX015 in women might be more related to gray matter differences (cf. Burgaleta et al., 2012). Gray matter (cell bodies, dendrites and short protrusions) is important for regional information processing (Gur et al., 1999). Yan et al. (2011) hypothesize that a higher percentage of GM in smaller brains increases the proportion of tissue available for computational processes, which further support high local network efficiency. This result was found for women by Yan et al. (2011). The corpus callosum, together with the cingulum, the corticospinal tract, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, has been related to intelligence (Li et al., 2009). The corpus callosum, as the largest white matter tract in the human brain, plays an important role in higher cognition (cf. Hinkley et al., 2012). As the corpus callosum allows for functional

interactions 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase both within each hemisphere and between the two hemispheres, regions within the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices that are implicated in cognitive domains are affected (Hinkley et al., 2012). Previous studies suggest that weakened integrity of the corpus callosum directly impairs cognitive function in aging adults (Voineskos et al., 2012 and Zahr et al., 2009) whereas increased callosal thickness correlates positively with intelligence (Luders et al., 2007, Luders et al., 2011 and Yu et al., 2008), processing speed (Penke et al., 2010), and problem solving abilities (van Eimeren, Niogi, McCandliss, Holloway, & Ansari, 2009). The corpus callosum, as part of the intelligence network (cf. Li et al., 2009), was found to differ between men and women with respect to white matter microstructure (Menzler et al., 2011).

Figs. 1(a) (SnT condition) and 2(b) (FST condition) show participant-based results from univariate Searchlight analysis, as MVPA is essentially a single-subject analysis. Fig. 1(c) shows group-based results from the two conditions.

For the situational non-translation (SnT) language switching condition, we found two large and some small clusters in the results of the univariate Searchlight. The peak of the first cluster was located in the left fusiform gyrus, and that of the second Sunitinib ic50 one was found in the right inferior occipital gyrus. The other small clusters were distributed in the right superior temporal gyrus, the right precuneus, and the left superior temporal gyrus. For the focused simultaneous translation (FST) language-switch condition, the most informative voxels were concentrated in the left fusiform gyrus, the left cerebellum and the left lingual gyrus. Other large clusters observed were in the right lingual gyrus, the right middle occipital gyrus and the right calcarine. One small cluster was also found in the left middle temporal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus. The GLM analysis also revealed some significant clusters for the following contrasts (Table 1 and Fig. 1(d)). For the SnT condition, we use the acronyms “k2k-vs-c2c”

standing for “Korean (as stimulus) to Korean (as task)” versus “Chinese (as stimulus) to Chinese (as task)”, and “c2c-vs-k2k”, meaning “Chinese (as stimulus) to Chinese (as task)” versus “Korean (as stimulus) to Korean (as task)”. find more For the FST condition, we use the acronym “c2k-vs-k2c” standing for “Chinese (as stimulus)

to Korean (as task)” versus Vasopressin Receptor “Korean (as stimulus) to Chinese (as task)”. The contrast of the opposite direction is noted here as “k2c-vs-c2k” following the same notation. k2k-vs-c2c: significant activation was found in the left middle frontal gyrus (Broca’s area), the left precentral and the left caudate. c2c-vs-k2k: we found that the right superior frontal gyrus, the left postcentral as well as the left medial superior frontal gyrus were activated at the peak level but were not significant at a cluster level. k2c-vs-c2k: this condition significantly activated a wide range of brain regions distributed in the frontal, temporal and parietal areas. The strongly activated areas were the left middle frontal gyrus, the right supplementary motor area, the left middle temporal gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, the left inferior parietal gyrus, the left postcentral, and the right postcentral. c2k-vs-k2c: the occipital regions of the brain were significantly activated, including the left middle occipital gyrus, the left inferior occipital gyrus and the right superior occipital gyrus. In the present study, we focused on Korean–Chinese early bilinguals and language-switching tasks to explore the nature of bilingualism.

They detected comparable MFV increases in both

groups and concluded that cerebral CO2 reactivity is preserved in SAS. Klingelhöfer et al. [66] also observed normal CO2 reactivity (4.4 ± 1.2%) Tariquidar supplier in SAS patients during wakefulness, but the reactivity values increased significantly during sleep stages I and II and reached a maximum during REM sleep with rises of CO2 reactivity up to three times the waking values. The authors interpreted the increase in CO2 reactivity during sleep as hypersensitivity of intracranial CO2 or pH receptors in SAS patients and attributed this to a possible disorder of the central catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems in SAS. They presume that the marked flow velocity fluctuations during apneic episodes and the associated changes in vessel wall tension place a chronic strain on the cerebral blood vessels, thereby promoting the development of micro- and macroangiopathy. This, among other factors, could be a reason

for the increased incidence of cerebral ischemia in patients with SAS. In addition to the apnea-associated increase in CBF velocity, which most authors attribute signaling pathway to apnea-related hypercapnia [64], [65], [66] and [67], it is also notable that a rapid normalization of flow velocity occurs at the end of each apneic episode. Hajak et al. [65] demonstrated in 10 patients (mean age: 37 years) that, in addition to its connection with the restoration of breathing and the associated occurrence of normocapnia, this flow velocity reduction is also regularly associated with the occurrence of EEG arousal or movement arousal. Because arousals represent a type of neuronal activation, the authors concluded that this indicates a direct neuronal influence on flow velocity during apneic episodes. Franklin [68] compared cerebral hemodynamics in

obstructive sleep apneas and central sleep apneas. Cerebral and cardiovascular changes display a different pattern during central and obstructive sleep apneas. By means of their study they revealed that the CBF velocity according to TCD increases during an obstructive apnea and decreases after apnea termination concomitant with changes in arterial pressure. http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html Their interpretation of the results was: the changes in cerebral circulation during obstructive apneas could be an immediate effect of rapid changes in blood pressure because cerebral autoregulation is overridden. The opposite pattern was seen during a central apnea, with a decrease in CBF velocity during apnea and an increase after apnea termination (Fig. 9). Changes during obstructive apneas are probably hazardous, with adverse cardiovascular effects including stroke. This may not be the case during central apneas, as Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central apneas is a result of an underlying disorder such as heart failure and stroke and is not a disease entity in itself. Contrary to every study using TCD during obstructive sleep apnea [65], [66], [67], [69] and [70], Netzer et al.

19 Iohexol has been used as a satisfactory marker of GFR in adults and children, based on its ready availability, exclusive elimination by the kidneys without further metabolism, and good agreement

with inulin and 51Cr-EDTA clearances. Indeed, iohexol has been heralded as the new gold standard measure of GFR and especially in children.9 and 20 In the present study, 8 of the 14 eGFR equations evaluated demonstrated better performance than the others compared check details with mGFR. These 8 were a mix of equations based on Scr only (3/5), Scys only (1/5), and a combination of both Scr and Scys (4/4). Further analysis demonstrated that only 3 specific multivariate equations had better performance than the univariate ones. These 3 equations all included Scr, Scys, gender, and a statural growth parameter. When used in unique patient populations (ie, those with single kidney, kidney transplant, and short stature), PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 2 the 3 equations demonstrated high agreement with mGFR. There are only a few studies that have compared the applicability of eGFR equations based on different included variables in children. The performance

of Scr-based equations was studied in several articles.6, 12 and 13 The bedside CKiD formula (Schwartz et al4) is the most widely used formula for eGFR in children. However it was derived from data obtained in children with CKD mGFR between 15 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2. Several recent studies validated new Scr-based formulas for children, which all outperformed the bedside CKiD formula compared with mGFR.6, 12 and 13 Sharma et al21 studied several Scys-based equations and found the accuracy of various Scys equations varied with the actual mGFR. In a study focused on children

with a solitary functioning kidney, the authors used 6 eGFR equations based on Scr, Scys, and a combination of both variables, and found the combined formula, Schwartz et al,11 had superior precision.22 For clinical practice, we need to identify the most accurate eGFR equation that can be applied to a diverse pediatric patient population. In adults, there are several large studies capable of validating the accuracy of eGFR equations. One recent example, the Chronic Kidney Disease DAPT mouse Epidemiology Collaboration, developed an equation based on Scr in 2009 and 2 others in 2012 (based on Scys alone and combined creatinine-cystatin C). They tested the 3 equations in very diverse populations with CKD and normal kidney function and found the combined creatinine-cystatin C equation performed better than equations based on either of both markers alone when compared with mGFR.2 The combined equation is commonly used in adult hospitals as the method for eGFR in adults, replacing the popular Modification of Diet in Renal Disease eGFR.3 and 23 Similarly to others in adults and children, we found that all 3 combined (Scr with Scys) equations outperformed equations that used the Scr or Scys alone.

5). Diffuse (basal) CB2 receptor staining in untreated BD brains and irregular granular patterns of CB2 receptor-like immunoreactivity (IR) in WIN-treated brains were seen. In contrast, CB2 receptor-like immunoreactivity (IR) appeared as coarse inclusions or clusters compressed within the cell, a pattern consistent with internalization of receptors during agonist exposure. Fewer meningeal CB2R-IR Selleck Fludarabine cells were found in this group. To test a direct viral effect of WIN or HU, levels of bornaviral N (nucleoprotein)

segment RNA were measured by qRT-PCR of BD, BD+WIN, BD+HU rats (n=7 per group) in each of 3 regions: PFC, striatum, and hippocampus (Experiment 3). Regional quantities of viral RNA, expressed as copies vRNA/μg LBH589 datasheet tissue and reported as mean±SEM, were Striatum [BD 1.563×106±0.209×106; BD+WIN 1.129×106±0.145×106; BD+HU 1.112×106±0.305×106F(2,18)=1.236 p>0.05]. PFC [BD 5.083×106±0.120×106; BD+WIN 2.42×106±0.615×106; BD+HU 2.723×106±0.127×106F(2,18)=1.849 p>0.05]. Hippocampus [BD 2.540×106±0.307×106; BD+WIN 1.038×106±0.201×106;

BD+HU 1.424×106±0.489×106F(2,18)=4.882 p<0.05 BD vs. BD+WIN p<0.05 Tukey's post hoc following significant ANOVA] (n=7 per group). Significant numeric reductions in copies vRNA/μg tissue in hippocampus of animals treated with WIN were found, along with vRNA reductions in hippocampus of HU treated subjects. In PFC and striatum, where within group variability was high, WIN and HU had no statistically significant effects on vRNA. There was no clear association between virus and either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects across the 3 groups. Overall, a useful anti-inflammatory effect without detrimental increase in virus had been achieved by HU treatment. Testing the effects of synthetic cannabinoids as adjunctive Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II therapy in chronic viral encephalitis, we found the specific CB2 receptor agonist HU-308

superior to the general cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 in providing longer term anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of newborn cells. The anti-inflammatory action was through mechanisms involving glial cells, in particular CB2 receptor agonist suppression of microglia activation. Modest antiviral effects were produced by both HU-308 and WIN55,212-2. Whereas one week treatment with WIN had protected against inflammatory-mediated new cell loss in a previous study (Solbrig et al., 2010), the effect was not found when treatment was extended for 2 weeks. Histologic similarities in inflammation and lack of new cell protection between WIN-treated and drug-naive BD rats after 2 weeks treatment were interpreted as BD rats showing tolerance to WIN’s anti-inflammatory effect, limiting the efficacy of the general cannabinoid agonist WIN to sometime between 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. In other words, WIN had produced decreasing effect with repeated dosing.

Ice cover in the northern Baltic proper selleck chemicals lasts from 20 to 30 days and normally begins to break up in mid-March (Granskog et al. 2006); prolonged periods of low water are common in spring (Chen & Omstedt 2005). The southern shore of Askö is protected from north-easterly to north-westerly winds (Figure 1). The study was conducted from March to May. The water level was 4–5 cm below the mean water level (MWL) in late March and dropped to 25–27 cm below MWL in early

May. At this time the water level began to rise, and by late May, the water level was 13–14 cm above MWL. The water temperature rose from 1 °C in late March to 8 °C by late May. The maximum wind speed from the south-east, which is the sector most open to the sea, never exceeded 10 m s− 1 during the sampling period. The salinity was fairly stable over the study period

at 6.1–6.5 per mil. Ten sampling sites were chosen along the rocky shores of the south-western part of Askö Island – five wave-exposed sites and five wave-sheltered sites, all with approximately the same slope of 30° (Figure 1). Wave exposure at the sampling sites was calculated using the formula Lf = (∑ ci cos gi)/(∑ cos gi) Pexidartinib cost ( Håkansson 1981), where Lf is the maximun local fetch and ci is the distance in km to the nearest land. Lf was 0–1 at wave-sheltered sites and 45–77 at wave-exposed sites. The distance was measured in 15 directions using deviation angles (gi: ± 6, ± 12, ± 18, ± 24, ± 30, ± 36 and ± 42) from a central radius; this was set in the direction that gave the highest Lf value. Samples were collected on the hard bottom on four different occasions, in late March, mid-April, early May and late May. The first sampling period (25 and 26 March) occurred one week after the break-up of the icecover. Owing to the ice conditions on this occasion, three wave-exposed sites and three wave-sheltered sites were sampled, with four replicates at each site. In the second (15 and 19 April), third (6 and 7 May) and Dichloromethane dehalogenase fourth (25 and 27 May) sampling

periods, five wave-sheltered and five wave-exposed sites were chosen, with four replicates at each site. For each wave-exposure range, the sites were selected randomly from a larger set of possible sampling sites. The samples were collected at a depth of ∼ 0.5 m below the MWL. A 0.04 m2 quadrat (0.2 × 0.2 m) was placed at random on the rocky bottom. All organisms inside the quadrat were scraped off with a putty knife into a1mmmeshbag fixedto onesideoftheframe(Malm & Isæus 2005). All the samples were stored frozen (− 18 °C) until sorting, when they were sorted to the nearest possible taxa by one single person. The samples were dried to constant weight at 60 °C, and the biomass of both algae and fauna, expressed in g, was measured accurate to three decimal points. Gammarus and Idotea specimens smaller than 4 mm were identified as juvenile Gammarus spp. and Idotea spp.

Robust evidence exists for a widespread use of fire from about 125 kyr. Wrangham (2009) interpreted the increase in brain size and the drop in tooth size of H. erectus (brain – 900–1200 cm3) at 1.9–1.7 Ma, relative to H. habilis (brain – 500–900 cm3), as a consequence of cooking of meat and thereby easier digestion of proteins, relieving early humans from energy-consuming chewing and allowing an increase in the brain blood supply. However, check details to date little or no confident evidence exists for a mastery of fire at that time. More reliable evidence for the use of fire comes from the Bnot Ya’akov

Bridge, Israel, where between 790–690 kyr H. erectus or H. ergaster produced stone tools, butchered animals,

gathered plant food and controlled fire ( Stevens, 1989). At that stage glacial/interglacial cycles accentuated to ±6 °C and sea level fluctuations to near ±100 m. The intensification of glacial-interglacial cycles controlled intermittent dispersal of fauna, including humans, between Africa, the Middle East, southern and south-eastern Asia ( Dennell and Roebroeks, 2005). Some of the best information on prehistoric fires includes the burning strategies used by native people in Africa, Selleck Raf inhibitor North America and Australia (Pyne, 1982, Pyne, 1995, Russell, 1983, Lewis, 1985, Kay, 1994, Laris, 2002, Obaa and Weladjib, 2005, Stephens et al., 2007, Bird et al., 2008, Gammage, 2011, Roebroeks and Villa, 2011 and Huffman, 2013). old Aboriginal ‘firestick farming’ associated with maintenance of small-scale habitat mosaics increased hunting productivity and foraging for small burrowing

prey, including lizards. This led to extensive habitat changes, possibly including the extinction of mega-fauna ( Miller et al., 2005). Maori colonization of New Zealand 700–800 years-ago led to loss of half the South Island’s temperate forest ( McGlone and Wilmshurst, 1999). These practices intensified in some regions upon European colonization, with extensive land cultivation and animal husbandry, whereas in other regions, including North America and Australia, forests were allowed to regrow, an issue subject to current debates ( Gammage, 2011, Bowman et al., 2011 and Bowman et al., 2013). The colonization of land by plants in the early Palaeozoic (Rothwell et al., 1989), ensuing in the formation of carbon-rich layers and in an enhanced release of photosynthetic oxygen, set the stage for extensive land surface fires. Plants utilize about one thousandth of the approximately 5.7 × 1024 J of solar energy annually irradiated to the earth’s surface, absorbing 3 × 1021 J/year to fix large amounts of CO2 (2 × 1011 tonne/year) (Hall, 1979). Oxygenation reactions through fire and by plant-consuming organisms, including humans, enhance degradation and entropy.

The evidence presented above may be compared with conclusions that have been drawn from studies elsewhere, although regional and local site conditions vary a great deal. Considerable colluvial storage of eroded soil materials has been suggested, particularly in the loess terrains of southern Germany (Bork, 1989, Lang, 2003, Houben, 2003, Houben, 2012 and Dotterweich, 2008) and Belgium (Broothaerts et al., 2013); from the much later phase of cultivation PD0325901 molecular weight in North America (Happ et al., 1940 and Walter and Merritts, 2008); but also from prehistoric

site studies in the UK (Bell, 1982, Brown and Barber, 1985 and Brown, 1987). On the other hand, French et al. (2005) suggest that in UK chalkland areas early soil erosion and thick colluvial deposits may have been less than previously supposed. Stevens and Fuller (2012), following an analysis of radiocarbon dates for wild and cultivated plant foods, suggest that an agricultural

revolution took place in the UK during the Early-Middle Bronze Age. This shift, from long-fallow cultivation to short-fallow with fixed plots and field systems, fits well with the timing of accelerated floodplain deposition identified in this study, and with the apparent lag between the development of agriculture in the Neolithic and accelerated sedimentation described elsewhere (Houben et al., 2012). However, dated AA deposits, rather than a whole catchment Selleckchem Sunitinib sediment budget, have been analyzed here so that the question of whether there actually was lagged remobilization of early colluvial sedimentation, or whether early colluvial deposition was not that extensive in the first place, cannot be answered using our data. Our data set does, however, emphasize the importance of mediaeval erosion as noted in the UK (Macklin et al., 2010) and elsewhere in Europe (Dotterweich, 2008 and Houben et al., 2012). We also draw attention to the variable autogenic conditions involved in alluvial sequestration of AA: catchment size, depositional environments, and the grain sizes involved. Anthropogenic impact and sediment supply are commonly

Fludarabine in vitro discussed in terms of hillslope soil erosion parameters, but channel erosion by network extension and by lateral/vertical erosion were also important sediment sources for later re-deposition. In the Holocene, sediment exchange within alluvial systems supplied large volumes both of coarse and fine material (cf. Passmore and Macklin, 2001, Chiverrell et al., 2010 and Macklin et al., 2013), and for alluvial sedimentation hydrological factors affecting competence-limited channel erosion and network extension are as significant as the supply-limitation factors affecting the input of slope materials. There is a suggestion within our data set that such hydrological factors were important for the early entrainment and deposition of channel bed materials, whether surface soil stripping was important or otherwise ( Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).

At this stage the lagoon still had to form and the rivers were flowing directly into the sea. The abundance of fresh water due to the presence of numerous rivers would probably have convinced the first communities to move to the margins of the future lagoon. Numerous sites belonging to the recent Mesolithic Period (from 6000–5500 to 5500–4500 BC) were found in close proximity to the palaeorivers find more of this area (Bianchin Citton, 1994).

During the Neolithic Period (5500–3300 BC) communities settled in a forming lagoonal environment, while the first lithic instruments in the city of Venice date back to the late Neolithic–Eneolithic Period (3500–2300 BC) (Bianchin Citton, 1994). During the third millennium BC (Eneolithic or Copper Age: 3300–2300 BC) there was a demographic boom, as evidenced by the many findings in the mountains and in the plain. This population increase would also have affected the Venice Lagoon (Fozzati, 2013). In the first centuries of the second millennium BC, corresponding to the ancient Bronze Age in Northern Italy, there was a major demographic fall extending

from Veneto to the Friuli area. It is just in the advanced phase of the Middle Bronze Age (14th century BC) that a new almost systematic occupation of the area took place, with the maximal demographical expansion occurring in the recent Bronze Age (13th Depsipeptide century BC) (Bianchin Citton, 1994 and Fozzati, 2013). Between the years 1000 and 800 BC, with the spreading of the so Adenosine called

Venetian civilization, the cities of Padua and Altino were founded in the mainland and at the northern margins of the lagoon (Fig. 1a), respectively. Between 600 and 200 years BC, the area underwent the Celtic invasions. Starting from the 3rd century BC, the Venetian people intensified their relationship with Rome and at the end of the 1st century BC the Venetian region became part of the roman state. The archeological record suggests a stable human presence in the islands starting from the 2nd century BC onwards. There is a lot of evidence of human settlements in the Northern lagoon from Roman Times to the Early Medieval Age (Canal, 1998, Canal, 2013 and Fozzati, 2013). In this time, the mean sea level increased so that the settlements depended upon the labor-intensive work of land reclamation and consolidation (Ammerman et al., 1999). Archeological investigation has revealed two phases of human settlements in the lagoon: the first phase began in the 5th–6th century AD, while a second more permanent phase began in the 6th–7th century. This phase was “undoubtedly linked to the massive and permanent influx of the Longobards, which led to the abandonment of many of the cities of the mainland” (De Min, 2013). Although some remains of the 6th–7th century were found in the area of S. Pietro di Castello and S.