“
“Background: Previous research showed childhood obesity to be more strongly associated with maternal weight than with paternal weight. However, confidence in this finding is limited by the lack of objectively measured data from both parents.

Objective: We quantified the individual and combined effects p38 MAPK assay of maternal and paternal overweight/obesity on obesity risk in children.

Design: Data were pooled from the annual Health Surveys for England carried out between 2001 and 2006. Families with <= 2 children

aged 2-15 y with anthropometric data available for both parents and children were included (n = 4432 families, n = 7078 children). Weights and heights were measured by a trained nurse.

Results: Having 2 overweight parents was associated with an increased selleck inhibitor risk of child obesity [odds ratio (OR): 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.7; P < 0.001] compared with having 2 normal-weight parents. Having 2 obese (including severely obese) parents was associated with a higher risk of child obesity (OR: 12.0; 95% CI: 7.2, 20.1; P < 0.01), and having 2 severely obese parents was associated with an even higher risk of child obesity (OR: 22.3; 95% CI: 10.3, 48.4; P < 0.01) independent of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity.

Mother-child associations (r = 0.27) for body mass index were significantly stronger than father-child associations (r = 0.23), even after adjustment for plausible levels (<= 4%) of undisclosed nonpaternity. Associations were the same for sons and daughters but increased with age.

Conclusions: There is a strong and graded association between parental weight status and risk of childhood obesity, which is significantly stronger for maternal weight. Parental obesity could be used to target preventive interventions in the preschool years to avoid serious adverse effects on the future health of children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1560-7.”
“In

this study we investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria obtained from intensive care units (ICUs) in the buy 4EGI-1 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 309 Hospital located in Beijing, China. Between 2007 and 2010, a total of 1949 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were collected and tested using an antibiotic susceptibility assay. A marked decrease was observed in the susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem and amikacin as compared to that described in a previous report in China. Similar results were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, imipenem and amikacin showed strong activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall, the high rates of antimicrobial resistance against ICU pathogens in our hospital indicated a critical condition in Beijing, China.

We postulated that many stent related symptoms may be related to detrusor muscle spasm in and around the intramural ureter, and evaluated the effect of botulinum toxin type A (Botox (R)) in patients with indwelling stents after ureteroscopy.

Materials and Methods: A total of 51 patients between December 2007 and March 2009 were enrolled in

an institutional review board approved, prospective, randomized, single-blind AZD1208 in vivo study comparing botulinum toxin type A injection at a concentration of 10 U/ml to 3 locations around the ureteral orifice (30) vs no injection after unilateral ureteral stent insertion (21). Pain and urinary symptoms after stent placement were evaluated through the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire, which was completed on postoperative day 7. In addition, patients were required to maintain a log of narcotic

use after stent placement until removal. The Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher exact tests were used for nonparametric PAK inhibitor and categorical data, respectively, with p <= 0.05 considered significant.

Results: No complications or adverse events occurred in this study. There was a significant decrease in the reported postoperative pain score between the botulinum toxin type A and control group at 3.4 vs 6.0 (p = 0.02). Postoperative narcotic use was also significantly less in the botulinum toxin type A group at 7.7 pills during an average of 2.7 days vs 24.7 in an average of 7.0 days in control patients (p = 0.03). With respect to postoperative lower urinary tract symptoms there was no significant difference between cohorts using the individual index scores within the Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire. Stent related emergency room visits were reported by 1 patient treated in the botulinum toxin type A group vs 2 in the control group.

Conclusions: Periureteral botulinum toxin type A injection improves ureteral stent tolerability by significantly decreasing postoperative pain and narcotic requirements. Improvement in irritative symptoms was not observed.”
“Ca2+-dependent Entinostat supplier activator protein for secretion 2 (CAPS2 or CADPS2)

regulates dense-core vesicle (DCV) exocytosis. We found that CAPS2 is involved in the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and that CAPS2 KO mice not only have deficits in neuronal development and survival but also exhibit abnormal behaviors, including impaired social interaction, hyperactivity, an abnormal sleep-wake rhythm and increased anxiety in unfamiliar environments. Moreover, we identified increased expression of a rare CAPS2 splice variant in autism patients that specifically lacks exon 3 and that is not transported to axons when exogenously expressed in mouse cortical neurons. Moreover, non-synonymous SNPs have been identified in some autistic patients. These results implicate CAPS2 in autism susceptibility.

Surprisingly, it was found at comparably high levels in mouse striatum. HDC protein was 10-fold lower in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Specificity

of HDC detection by Western blot was confirmed using HDC knockout mice. Similar high levels of HDC protein were found in dissected striatum from rat. Striatum does not, however, contain comparably elevated of histamine, relative to other forebrain structures; we confirmed this fact using HPLC. This discrepancy between HDC protein and histamine levels in the striatum suggests that histamine metabolism and neurotransmission in basal ganglia may have unique characteristics, the details of which remain to be elucidated. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved,”
“Weight change in older adults affects physical function (PF). However, data suggest that, conversely, PF may be a determinant of weight change. Our objective was to assess the role of baseline PF as a predictor of selleck chemical 2-year weight loss (WL) and weight gain (WG) >= 5% among healthy well-functioning community-dwelling older adults.

The NuAge cohort (67-84 years) was classified into three groups according to the percent weight change over a 2-year follow-up: weight stable (weight change < 2%; n = 629), WL >= 5% (n = 189), and WG >= 5% (n = 111). A summary measure of baseline PF was computed

(sum of biceps, quadriceps, and grip strength, timed up and go, chair AZD9291 cell line stand, normal and maximal gait speed, and balance performance scores [individual test score range = 0-4]; PF score range = 0-32). Multivariable logistic regression models separately assessed the relationships between baseline PF and 2-year WL and

WG >= 5%.

Baseline PF was worse in both the WL (p < .001) and the WG (p = .001) groups compared with the weight stable group. In models adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, energy intake, depressive symptoms, and other significantly associated covariates, each 1-unit increase in standard deviation of PF was associated with decreased risk Givinostat supplier of either 2-year WL (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99, p = .043) or WG (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55-0.99, p = .041).

Low baseline PF was an independent common predictor of 2-year WL and WG >= 5% in the healthy well-functioning community-dwelling elderly population. Whether PF is an early cause or marker of weight change in this population remains to be determined.”
“Prior work demonstrated that immune surveillance of the brain occurs primarily through the blood-cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid barrier rather than the blood-brain barrier endothelium. Recently, we identified epithelial V-like antigen (EVA), an immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecule, as a regulator of blood-CSF barrier integrity in a mouse model. Here we characterized EVA expression and function in human choroid plexus epithelial cells and analyzed its role in CD4 T lymphocyte adhesion.

(C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Purpose: Immediate stone-free rates of ureteroscopy are rarely reported. To establish accurate stone-free rates after ureteroscopy we assessed the safety and success of ureteroscopy for patients undergoing the procedure at contralateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Materials and Methods: From our prospectively collected, institutional review board approved, percutaneous nephrolithotomy database DMH1 price we identified patients who underwent contralateral ureteroscopy for urolithiasis at percutaneous nephrolithotomy from December 2001 to December 2008. Stone-free status was assessed with noncontrast computerized tomography on postoperative day 1.

Results: A total of 65 patients underwent ureteroscopy for urolithiasis at contralateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy. There were 63 patients available for review who had noncontrast computerized tomography on postoperative day 1. Immediate stone-free status was Akt inhibitor achieved after ureteroscopy in 37 of 63 patients (58.7%). The remaining 26 patients (41.3%) demonstrated a residual stone burden. Of these patients with residual stones after ureteroscopy 65.4% (17 of 26) had residual fragments of 1 to 3 mm and 34.6% (9 of 26) had residual stones larger than 3 mm. Three patients (4.8%) underwent repeat ureteroscopy at secondary

percutaneous nephrolithotomy. There was no association of stone composition, patient age, stone location, gender or surgical complications with residual fragments (p >0.05).

Conclusions: Based on noncontrast computerized tomography 58.7% of patients who underwent ureteroscopy were rendered immediately stone-free. When residual passable stone fragments less than 3 mm were included the success rate increased to 85.7%. We found no association between characteristics of patients, stones or procedures and residual fragments.”
“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder arising in the aftermath of a traumatic event. The most prevalent hypothesis is that of an increased amygdala activity

to threat cues. The amygdala has also shown an implication in orienting attention toward threat. The aim of the study was to explore LGX818 manufacturer the correlations between amygdala activity, symptom severity and attentional bias in PTSD. Patients and healthy controls were assayed on an fMRI emotional face matching task and an attentional detection of target (DOT) task. The amygdala showed enhanced activity in PTSD (vs. controls). It positively correlated with anxiety scores and PTSD symptomatology. It also positively correlated with the disengagement index. Mostly, these results provide preliminary support for an implication of the amygdala in attention orientation to threat in PTSD. These results are further discussed in light of recent theories concerned with cortico-limbic functioning. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

However, numerous tree topology changes were apparent in the 5′ UTR, where >60% of analyzed HRV-C variants showed recombination with species A sequences. Two recombination hot spots in stem-loop 5 and the polypyrimidine tract in the 5′ UTR were mapped using the program GroupingScan. Available HRV-C sequences showed evidence for additional interspecies recombination with HRV-A in the 2A gene, with breakpoints mapping precisely to the boundaries of the C-terminal domain of the encoded proteinase. Pairwise distances between HRV-C variants in VP1 and VP4/VP2 regions fell into two separate distributions, resembling inter- and intraserotype distances of species A and B. These observations

Selleck Daporinad suggest that, without serological cross-neutralization data, HRV-C genetic groups may be equivalently classified into types using divergence thresholds derived from JPH203 distance distributions. The extensive sequence data

from multiple genome regions of HRV-C and analyses of recombination in the current study will assist future formulation of consensus criteria for HRV-C type assignment and identification.”
“Organophosphates (OPs) pose a constant threat to human health due to their widespread use as pesticides and their potential employment in military and terrorist attacks. The acute toxicity of OPs has been extensively studied; however, the consequences of prolonged or repeated exposure to levels of OPs that produce no overt signs of acute toxicity (i.e. subthreshold levels) are poorly understood. Further, there is clinical evidence that such repeated exposures

to OPs lead to prolonged deficits in cognition, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. In this study, the behavioral and neurochemical effects of repeated, intermittent, and subthreshold exposures to the alkyl OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were investigated. Rats were injected with DFP s.c. (dose range, 0.25-1.0 mg/kg) every other day over the course of 30 days, and then given a 2 week, DFP-free washout period. In behavioral experiments selleck conducted at various times during the washout period, dose dependent decrements in a water maze hidden platform task and a spontaneous novel object recognition (NOR) procedure were observed, while prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response was unaffected. There were modest decreases in open field locomotor activity and grip strength (particularly during the DFP exposure period); however, rotarod performance and water maze swim speeds were not affected. After washout, DFP concentrations were minimal in plasma and brain, however, cholinesterase inhibition was still detectable in the brain. Moreover, the 1.0 mg/kg dose of DFP was associated with (brain region-dependent) alterations in nerve growth factor-related proteins and cholinergic markers.

001) were observed. Our results suggest that planktivorous fish may not modify the zooplankton dynamics in Beni Mtir reservoir (oligotrophic). On the contrary, in Sidi Saad reservoir (mesotrophic), fish predation has major effects on seasonal zooplankton dynamics. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Anterior clinoidectomy is an essential preliminary step for parasellar and pericavernous sinus surgery. Endoscopy is a widely accepted modality for neurosurgical strategies and is becoming more important in treating conditions involving the cranial base.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of endoscopic extradural anterior Torin 1 price clinoidectomy via the supraorbital keyhole.

METHODS: Eight fresh cadaver heads were studied using 4-mm, 0- and 30-degree rigid endoscopes to perform endoscopic extradural anterior clinoidectomy. We also evaluated a bony landmark for this technique in 36 dry craniums.

RESULTS: An endoscope was introduced into the extradural space created via a supraorbital keyhole craniotomy. The periorbita and the duplication of the dura extending to the temporal lobe dura

and periorbita were exposed by drilling. Anterior clinoidectomy proceeded using a diamond drill under endoscopic visualization without a dural incision. A submerged view with continuous irrigation through an endoscopic sheath maintained clear visibility Bromosporine mouse while drilling. A small bony eminence at the transition between the sphenoid ridge and the anterior clinoid process, which is an anatomic landmark for endoscopic extradural anterior clinoidectomy, was identified in 57.4% of 36 adult dry craniums.

CONCLUSION: The

endoscopic extradural procedure can accomplish reliable anterior clinoidectomy under superb endoscopic visualization. This method would be applicable to parasellar and cavernous sinus surgery combined with keyhole or conventional craniotomy.”
“(1) Resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and mitochondria cytochrome c oxydase (COX) activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as weight of skin and fur were measured in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) that were live-trapped see more in the summer, autumn, winter and spring.

(2) There were significant seasonal effects on thermogenesis and weight of skin and fur. Winter hamsters had higher thermogenic capacity indicative of increased RMR, NST and BAT COX activity, and heavier skin and fur than summer individuals.

(3) The data suggest that striped hamsters have developed strategies to adapt to a marked change in the seasonal temperature, including enhancement in resting metabolic rate, capacity to increase NST, and improved insulation in the winter. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: One of the key elements for a successful endoscopic intervention in the ventricular system is the ability to recognize the anatomic structures and use them as a reference.

We found that inoculation of irradiated HTLV-2-infected T cells into Indian rhesus macaques elicited humoral and T-cell

responses to HTLV-2 antigens at both systemic and mucosal sites. Low levels of HTLV-2 provirus DNA were detected in the blood, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal tracts of infected animals. Exposure of HTLV-2-infected or naive macaques to SIVmac251 demonstrated comparable levels of SIVmac251 viral replication, similar rates of mucosal and peripheral CD4(+) T-cell loss, and increased T-cell proliferation. Additionally, neither the magnitude nor the functional capacity of the SIV-specific T-cell-mediated immune response was different in HTLV-2/SIVmac251 coinfected animals versus SIVmac251 singly infected controls. Thus, HTLV-2 targets mucosal sites, persists, and importantly does buy Galunisertib not exacerbate SIVmac251 infection. These data provide the impetus for the development of an attenuated HTLV-2-based vectored vaccine for HIV-1; this approach could elicit persistent mucosal immunity that may prevent HIV-1/SIVmac251 infection.”
“BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications are frequently observed after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), but little is known about the consequences of lung injury on brain tissue oxygenation and metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between lung Selleck CX-6258 function and brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO(2)) in patients with severe

TBI.

METHODS: We analyzed data from 78 patients with severe, nonpenetrating TBI who underwent continuous PbtO(2) and intracranial pressure monitoring. Acute lung injury was defined by the presence of pulmonary infiltrates with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) (PF) ratio less than 300 and the absence of left ventricular failure. A total of 587 simultaneous measurements of PbtO(2) and PF ratio were examined using longitudinal data analysis.

RESULTS: PbtO(2) correlated strongly with PaO(2) and PF ratio (P < .05) independent

of PaCO(2), brain temperature, cerebral perfusion pressure, and hemoglobin. Acute lung injury was associated with lower PbtO(2) (34.6 +/- 13.8 mm Hg at PF ratio > 300 vs 30.2 +/- 10.8 mm Hg [ PF ratio 200-300], 28.9 +/- 9.8 mm Hg [ PF ratio 100-199], and 21.1 +/- 7.4 mm Hg [ PF ratio < 100], all P values <. 3-deazaneplanocin A 01). After adjusting for intracranial pressure, Marshall computed tomography score, and APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score, acute lung injury was an independent risk factor for compromised PbtO(2) (PbtO(2) < 20 mm Hg; adjusted odds ratio: 2.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.77; P < .01).

CONCLUSION: After severe TBI, PbtO(2) correlates with PF ratio. Acute lung injury is associated with an increased risk of compromised PbtO(2), independent from intracerebral and systemic injuries. Our findings support the use of lung-protective strategies to prevent brain hypoxia in TBI patients.

In the personality profile, some paranoid and aggressive traits were predominant. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the CTG expansion size and many of the neuropsychological and personality measures. The molecular defect also correlated with patients’ daytime somnolence.

Conclusions. Besides muscular symptomatology, there is significant CTG-dependent involvement of the CNS in adult DM1 patients.

Our data indicate that the cognitive impairment predominantly affects the fronto-parietal lobe.”
“A mechanistic model of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by lipophilic weak acids (i.e. proton shuttles) was developed for the purposes of predicting the relative activity

of xenobiotics of widely varying structure and of guiding the design of optimized 5-Fluoracil price derivatives. The model is based on thermodynamic premises not formulated elsewhere that allow for the calculation of steady-state conditions and of rate of energy dissipation on the basis of acid-dissociation and permeability behavior, the later estimated from this website partitioning behavior and geometric considerations. Moreover, permeability of either the neutral or of the ionized species is proposed to be effectively enhanced under conditions of asymmetrical molecular distribution. Finally, special considerations were developed to accommodate multi-protic compounds. The comparison of predicted to measured activity for a diverse testset of 48 compounds of natural origin spanning a wide range of activity yielded a Spearman’s rho of 0.90. The model was used to tentatively identify several novel proton shuttles, as well as to elucidate core structures particularly conducive to proton shuttle activity from which optimized derivatives can be designed. Principles of design were formulated and examples of derivatives projected to be active at concentrations on the order of 10(-7) M are proposed. Among these are di-protic compounds predicted to shuttle two protons per cycle iteration and proposed to maximally exploit the proton shuttle

mechanism. This work promotes AZD5363 the design of highly active, yet easily-metabolized uncouplers for therapeutic applications, namely the indirect activation of AMP-kinase, as well as for various industrial applications where low persistence is desirable. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery has an average accuracy of 2 to 3 mm (range, 0-6 mm). Intraoperative detection of track location may be useful in interpreting physiological results and thus limit the number of brain penetrations as well as decrease the incidence of reoperations. The O-arm has been used to identify the DBS lead position; however, early results have indicated a significant discrepancy with lead position on postoperative imaging.

In conclusion, intrathecal injections of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs produced a dose-related spinal anesthetic effect. These drugs may be potential candidates for developing new local anesthetics. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives:

Rib fractures are a frequent traumatic injury associated with a relatively high morbidity. Currently, the treatment of rib fractures is symptomatic. Since it has been reported that pulsed ultrasounds accelerates repair of limb fractures, we hypothesized that the application of pulsed ultrasounds will modify the course of healing in an animal model of rib fracture.

Methods: Z-VAD-FMK manufacturer We studied 136 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were

randomly assigned to different selleck groups of doses (none, 50, 100, and 250 mW/cm(2) of intensity for 3 minutes per day) and durations (2, 10, 20, and 28 days) of treatment with pulsed ultrasounds. In every subgroup, we analyzed radiologic and histologic changes in the bone callus. In addition, we examined changes in gene expression of relevant genes involved in wound repair in both control and treated animals.

Results: Histologic and radiologic consolidation was significantly increased by pulsed ultrasound treatment when applied for more than 10 days. The application of 50 mW/cm(2) was the most effective dose. Only the 100 and 250 mW/cm(2) doses were able to significantly increase messenger RNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1, suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 and -3, and vascular endothelial growth factor and decrease monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and collagen type II-alpha 1.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that pulsed ultrasound accelerates the consolidation of rib fractures. This study is the

first to show that pulsed ultrasound promotes the healing of rib fractures. From a translational point of view, this easy, cheap technique could serve as an effective new therapeutic modality in patients with rib fractures. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;141:1253-8)”
“BACKGROUND

A large outbreak of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 occurred in Germany in May 2011. The source of infection was undetermined.

METHODS

We conducted a matched case-control study and a see more recipe-based restaurant cohort study, along with environmental, trace-back, and trace-forward investigations, to determine the source of infection.

RESULTS

The case-control study included 26 case subjects with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and 81 control subjects. The outbreak of illness was associated with sprout consumption in univariable analysis (matched odds ratio, 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 29) and with sprout and cucumber consumption in multivariable analysis. Among case subjects, 25% reported having eaten sprouts, and 88% reported having eaten cucumbers.

“
“The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) is responsible for packaging intraneuronal

dopamine into synaptic vesicles in preparation for synaptic release and is a critical regulator of cytoplasmic dopamine levels and dopaminergic function. It has long been recognized that VMAT-2 is also a critical mediator of amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Amphetamine-induced lesions during development have the potential to produce numerous permanent abnormalities in neural circuitry and function. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of amphetamine on the levels of VMAT-2, a-synuclein and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum of neonatal rats. We found that chronic amphetamine administration FK506 clinical trial in postnatal rats produces dopaminergic deficits in the striatum, including decreases in the levels of VMAT-2 and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase. In addition, an increase in a-synuclein expression was observed Epigenetics inhibitor in the striatum of postnatal rats following chronic amphetamine treatment. Furthermore, we identified a role of (10 mg/kg) melatonin,

a methoxyindole released from the pineal gland, in attenuating the detrimental effects of amphetamine on dopaminergic neurons. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cell-based measurement of prion infectivity is currently restricted to experimental strains of mouse-adapted scrapie. Having isolated cell cultures with susceptibility to prions from diseased elk,

we describe a modification of the scrapie cell assay allowing evaluation of prions causing chronic wasting disease, a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. We compare this cervid prion cell assay to bioassays in transgenic mice, the only other existing method for quantification, and show this assay to be a relatively economical and expedient alternative that will likely facilitate studies of this important prion disease.”
“Recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the spontaneous brain Selinexor activity reflects, to a large extent, the same activation patterns measured in response to cognitive and behavioral tasks. This correspondence between activation and rest has been explored with a large repertoire of computational methods, ranging from analysis of pairwise interactions between areas of the brain to the global brain networks yielded by independent component analysis. In this paper we describe an alternative method based on the averaging of the BOLD signal at a region of interest (target) triggered by spontaneous increments in activity at another brain area (seed). The resting BOLD event triggered averages (“”rBeta”") can be used to estimate functional connectivity at resting state. Using two simple examples, here we illustrate how the analysis of the average response triggered by spontaneous increases/decreases in the BOLD signal is sufficient to capture the aforementioned correspondence in a variety of circumstances.