Varenicline (ED(50) 0.2 mg/kg) and sazetidine-A (ED(50) 0.44 mg/kg) www.selleckchem.com/products/mm-102.html fully substituted for nicotine (ED(50) 0.09 mg/kg) in rats trained to discriminate nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, ip) from saline. The reinforcing and discriminative stimulus (DS) properties of sazetidine-A, varenicline and nicotine were attenuated by acute pretreatment with the non-selective neuronal non-competitive nAChR antagonist mecamylamine or the alpha 4* nAChR-selective antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine, but not by the alpha 7 nAChR subtype antagonist methyllycaconitine. Drug-naive rats acquired stable self-administration of varenicline (30 mu g/kg/inf.), and sazetidine-A (60 mu g/kg/inf),

at doses that supported peak responding under a fixed-ratio 3 schedule in nicotine-trained rats. Nonetheless, self-administration and re-acquisition of 3-Methyladenine research buy varenicline and sazetidine-A were less robust than nicotine. Thus, partial activation of alpha 4 beta 2* nAChRs by varenicline or sazetidine-A is sufficient to mimic the DS and reinforcing properties of nicotine in nicotine-experienced rats, although the reinforcing properties of partial agonists are diminished in nicotine-naive rats. Future studies should assess nicotine withdrawal measures in animals chronically exposed to varenicline or sazetidine-A. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Extensive neuropathological

studies have established a compelling link between abnormalities in structure and function of subcortical monoaminergic (MA-ergic) systems and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The main cell populations of these systems including the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the tuberomamillary nucleus undergo significant degeneration in AD, thereby depriving the hippocampal and cortical neurons from their critical modulatory influence. the These studies have been complemented by genome wide association studies linking polymorphisms in key genes involved in the MA-ergic systems and particular behavioral abnormalities

in AD. Importantly, several recent studies have shown that improvement of the MA-ergic systems can both restore cognitive function and reduce AD-related pathology in animal models of neurodegeneration. This review aims to explore the link between abnormalities in the MA-ergic systems and AD symptomatology as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting these systems. Furthermore, we will examine possible mechanisms behind basic vulnerability of MA-ergic neurons in AD. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Objective: The effect of diabetes type (noninsulin dependent vs insulin dependent) on outcomes after lower-extremity bypass (LEB) has not been clearly defined. Therefore, we analyzed associations between diabetes type and outcomes after LEB in patients with critical limb ischemia.

Objectives Here, we tested whether THC-dependent mice undergoing rimonabant-precipitated withdrawal display short-term spatial memory deficits, as assessed in the Morris water maze. We also evaluated whether rimonabant would precipitate adenylyl cyclase superactivation in hippocampal and cerebellar tissue from THC-dependent mice.

Results Rimonabant significantly impaired spatial memory of THC-dependent mice at lower doses than those necessary to precipitate somatic withdrawal behavior. In contrast, maze performance was near perfect in the cued task, suggesting sensorimotor function and motivational factors were unperturbed by the withdrawal state. Finally,

rimonabant increased adenylyl cyclase activity in cerebellar, but not in hippocampal, 4SC-202 datasheet membranes.

Conclusions The memory disruptive effects of THC undergo tolerance following repeated dosing, while the withdrawal state leads to a rebound deficit in memory. These results establish spatial memory impairment as a particularly sensitive component of cannabinoid withdrawal, an effect that may be mediated through compensatory changes in the cerebellum.”
“Objective: To evaluate

the early outcomes of patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair for blunt thoracic aortic injuries.

Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter trial using the Medtronic Valiant Captivia stent graft was conducted at 20 sites in North America. Fifty patients with blunt thoracic aortic injuries were enrolled between April 2010 and January 2012 and will be followed before for 5 years. The injuries were classified into categories selleck products (grades I-IV) based on severity: intimal tear, intramural hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, or rupture. The primary end point was 30-day all-cause mortality. Secondary end points were adverse events occurring within 30 days that were related to the procedure, device or aorta, and aortic-related mortality. Technical success was measured as successful device

delivery and deployment.

Results: Seventy-six percent (38/50) of patients were male with mean age of 41 +/- 17 years. Fifty-one Medtronic Valiant Captivia thoracic stent grafts and a single Talent thoracic stent graft were implanted within a median of 1.0 days following injury (mean, 1.8 +/- 4.0 days). Seventy percent (35/50) of aortic injuries were grade III or higher, including one patient with free rupture. Mean injury severity score was 38 +/- 14. Fifty-four percent of stent grafts were <= 26 mm (28/52). The left subclavian artery was completely covered in 40% of patients (20/50) and partially covered in 18% of patients (9/50). Four patients underwent subclavian artery revascularization: one at the time of the endograft procedure and three others after developing arm ischemia after the initial endograft procedure. Cerebral spinal fluid was drained in two patients.

On median follow-up of 20 months (range, 2-42 months) 41 patients were free of symptoms or showed significant improvement.

Conclusions: The endoscopic retroperitoneal approach for the release of the CA in CACS, with additional endovascular treatment of persistent stenosis, is feasible and effective. Short-term results were comparable with the open procedure. (J Vase Surg 2009;50:140-7.)”
“BACKGROUND

Antibiotics are widely administered to children with the intention of preventing urinary tract infection, but adequately powered, placebo-controlled trials regarding efficacy are

MI-503 lacking. This study from four Australian centers examined whether low-dose, continuous oral antibiotic therapy prevents urinary tract infection in predisposed children.

METHODS

We randomly assigned children under the age of 18 years who had had one or more microbiologically proven urinary tract infections to receive either daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole suspension (as 2 mg of trimethoprim plus 10 mg of sulfamethoxazole GDC-0449 datasheet per kilogram of body weight) or placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome was microbiologically confirmed symptomatic urinary tract infection. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed with the use of time-to-event data.

RESULTS

From December

1998 to March 2007, a total of 576 children (of 780 planned) underwent randomization. The median age at entry was 14 months; 64% of the patients were girls, 42% had known vesicoureteral reflux (at least grade III in 53% of these patients), and 71% were enrolled after the first diagnosis of urinary tract infection. During the NU7026 ic50 study, urinary

tract infection developed in 36 of 288 patients (13%) in the group receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic group) and in 55 of 288 patients (19%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the antibiotic group, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.93; P = 0.02 by the log-rank test). In the antibiotic group, the reduction in the absolute risk of urinary tract infection (6 percentage points) appeared to be consistent across all subgroups of patients (P >= 0.20 for all interactions).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term, low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with a decreased number of urinary tract infections in predisposed children. The treatment effect appeared to be consistent but modest across subgroups. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12608000470392.)”
“Objective: Open vascular surgical procedures have decreased since the advent of endovascular repair. Advances in spinal fusion techniques and artificial disc replacement have led to an increase in the need for anterior retroperitoneal exposure of the lumbar spine (ARES). Vascular surgeons participate as “”exposure surgeons”" for these cases due to their unique skills in dealing with retroperitoneal structures.

To circumvent this problem, a 0.7-kb fragment of the S segment was fused to Gn, and a hybrid CAG promoter/enhancer in conjunction with (or without) the WPRE (Woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element) was used to improve the expression of fusion protein GnS0.7 in the adenoviral expression system. The expression level of the fusion protein as well as the response of mice immunized with recombinant adenoviruses containing GnS0.7 was investigated. In addition, a series of immunological assays were conducted to determine the immunogenicity of the recombinant adenoviruses. The results showed that the recombinant adenovirus with the CAG promoter/enhancer

(rAd-GnS0.7-pCAG) expressed approximately 2.1-fold Pritelivir purchase more GnS0.7 than the unmodified recombinant adenovirus

containing GnS0.7 (rAd-GnS0.7-pShuttle). This enhanced expression level was also higher than for other modified recombinant adenoviruses studied. Animal experiments showed that rAd-GnS0.7-pCAG induced a stronger Hantaan virus (HTNV)-specific humoral and cellular immune response in mice, with the cellular immune response to the GnS0.7 being stronger than the HFRS vaccine control. These results demonstrate that the CAG promoter/enhancer improved significantly the expression of the chimeric gene GnS0.7 in the adenovirus expression system. These Selisistat concentration findings may have significant implications for the development of genetically engineered vaccines for HFRS. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Previous evidence indicates that stress hormone effects on memory consolidation depend on concurrent emotional arousal-induced noradrenergic activity. Here, we asked whether this is also true for stress effects on memory retrieval and hypothesized that administration of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol would block the effects of stress on click here declarative and procedural retrieval performance. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 44 healthy young

men learned a list of emotional and neutral words (declarative memory task) and completed a serial reaction time task (procedural memory task). On the following day, participants received either a placebo or 40 mg propranolol orally. One hour later, they were exposed to stress (socially evaluated cold pressor test (SECPT)) or a control condition 30 min prior to retention testing. Stress selectively enhanced the retrieval of emotionally arousing words. Pretreatment with propranolol had no effect on memory alone but blocked the stress-induced memory enhancement for emotional words, confirming the importance of noradrenergic activity in stress effects on memory retrieval. Memory for neutral words and the procedural task was neither affected by stress nor by propranolol. The present findings suggest that stress (hormone) effects on emotional memory retrieval require concurrent noradrenergic activation.

There were no brain regions that were significantly more activated in patients than in healthy subjects. The findings suggest that euthymic bipolar patients have deficits in their ability to engage the left frontopolar cortex and bilateral dorsal amygdala during response inhibition. Further research should ascertain the role that such deficits may play in the emergence of impulsive behaviors that characterize bipolar disorder. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Mortality following

subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is high, especially within the first 48 h. Poor outcome is predicted by high intracranial pressure which causes diminished cerebral perfusion pressure unless a compensatory increase in

CA3 chemical structure mean arterial blood pressure occurs. Therefore blood pressure elevation can be protective following subarachnoid haemorrhage despite the potential for rebleeding. This study investigated blood pressure responses to SAH and the impact on cerebral perfusion pressure and outcome, as demonstrated by two experimental models. Various blood pressure responses were demonstrated, both at the ictus and within the following 5 h. Elevated MABP at the ictus and at 2 h following experimental SAH was associated with maintenance of CPP in the presence of raised ICP. Poor outcome (arrest of the cerebral circulation) was predicted by failure of MABP to increase significantly above sham levels within 2 h of

SAH. Rat SAH provides relatively inexpensive models to investigate physiological mechanisms see more that maintain cerebral perfusion Oxalosuccinic acid in the presence of intracranial hypertension. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Previous studies have indicated that the adenovirus type 5 E1B 55-kDa protein facilitates viral DNA synthesis in normal human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) but not in primary epithelial cells. To investigate this apparent difference further, viral DNA accumulation was examined in primary human fibroblasts and epithelial cells infected by the mutant AdEasyE1 Delta 2347, which carries the Hr6 frameshift mutation that prevents production of the E1B 55-kDa protein, in an E1-containing derivative of AdEasy. Impaired viral DNA synthesis was observed in normal HFFs but not in normal human bronchial epithelial cells infected by this mutant. However, acceleration of progression through the early phase, which is significantly slower in HFFs than in epithelial cells, eliminated the dependence of efficient viral DNA synthesis in HFFs on the E1B 55-kDa protein. These observations suggest that timely synthesis of the E1B 55-kDa protein protects normal cells against a host defense that inhibits adenoviral genome replication. One such defense is mediated by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex.

This selleck chemicals llc memory shares important characteristics with priming by non-ambiguous stimuli. Computational models now provide a framework to interpret many empirical observations.”
“Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and osteoclasts (OCs) confer multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival through elaborating factors. We demonstrate herein that IL-6 and TNF family cytokines, TNF alpha, BAFF and APRIL, but not IGF-1 cooperatively enhance the expression of the serine/threonine kinase Pim-2 in MM cells. BMSCs and OCs upregulate Pim-2 expression in MM cells largely via the IL-6/STAT3 and

NF-kappa B pathway, respectively. Pim-2 short interfering RNA reduces MM cell viability in cocultures with BMSCs or OCs. Thus, upregulation of Pim-2 appears to be a novel anti-apoptotic mechanism for MM cell survival. Interestingly, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin further suppresses the MM cell viability in combination with the Pim-2 silencing. The Pim inhibitor (Z)-5-(4-propoxybenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,

4-dione and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 cooperatively enhance MM cell death. The Pim inhibitor suppresses 4E-BP1 phosphorylation along with the reduction of Mcl-1 and c-Myc. Pim-2 may therefore become a new target for MM treatment. Leukemia (2011) 25, 1182-1188; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.60; published online 8 April 2011″
“The dopamine D3 receptor learn more gene (DRD3) is considered being one of the candidate genes contributing to the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD). In a recent meta-analysis with mixed ethnicities, only a barely positive association was found between the functional DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and TD in patients with schizophrenia (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01-1.37; p = 0.041). To further evaluate the controversial association between the polymorphism and TD using only Japanese subjects, we tested the association in a case-control design. We also conducted a meta-analysis including

8 studies with 3 East Asian populations (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean). In our Japanese case-control NF-��B inhibitor sample (43 with TD/157 without TD), we found no association between the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism in schizophrenia and TD (genotype: p = 0.92; allele: p = 1.00). Furthermore, no significant difference in the mean AIMS score among the three genotypic groups was observed in our sample. The meta-analysis comprising 1291 East Asian subjects also showed no association between the polymorphism and TD; the Mantel-Haenszel pooled OR for TD among carriers of the DRD3 Ser9Gly of the eight Asian studies was 0.94(95% CI: 0.78-1.12). Overall, our results suggest that the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism may not confer susceptibility to TD in East Asian populations. Given that the Ser9Gly variant may play a putative role in the DRD3 function, further studies on the DRD3 are warranted. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The DELLA proteins are involved in regulation of plant growth in response to phytohormonal signals such as GA, ethylene, and auxin.

036). Expressive support did not show the same pattern. Thus, adult children’s reliance on instrumental support might contribute to their parents’ mental health.”
“Despite the predominant frontal neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traditional

measures of executive functioning do not reliably distinguish learn more FTD from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Performance monitoring is an executive function that is associated with frontal lobe integrity and may be disrupted in FTD. The current study adopted a component process approach to evaluate the discriminant validity and neuroanatomical correlates of performance monitoring (i.e., rule monitoring) during an executive spatial planning task. Forty-four participants with FTD, 30 with AD, and 27 healthy comparison

(HC) subjects completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Tower task. A subset of patients underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging to obtain regional measures of cortical volumes. FTD and AD groups demonstrated significantly poorer overall achievement scores on the Tower test relative to the HC sample, but did not differ from one another. In contrast, the FTD group committed significantly more rule violation errors than both HC and AD groups, indicating poorer performance monitoring. In PLX4032 molecular weight addition, poorer overall achievement correlated with smaller brain volumes in several regions, including bilateral frontal and parietal regions, whereas an increased number of rule violations correlated specifically with decreased bilateral frontal volume. Both left and right frontal volumes remained significant predictors of rule violation errors after controlling for the contribution of overall achievement on the task and all other brain regions. Findings are consistent with literature implicating the frontal lobes in performance monitoring and highlight the importance of characterizing the component processes of performance failures in the cognitive assessment of FTD and AD. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We examined the physical, visual, health, and cognitive

abilities of 1,656 older adults as prospective predictors of self-reported driving cessation over a 5-year period. We examined the time to driving cessation across Oligomycin A manufacturer 5 years after we controlled for days driven per week at baseline and any cognitive intervention participation. Older age, congestive heart failure, and poorer physical performance (according to the Turn 360 Test) were statistically significant risk factors for driving cessation. Slower speed of processing (according to the Digit Symbol Substitution and Useful Field of View tests) was a significant risk factor even after we took baseline driving, age, health, vision, and physical performance into consideration. Implications are that assessments of cognitive speed of processing can provide valuable information about the subsequent risk of driving cessation.

0129, p = 0.0095).

Conclusions: FET PET has higher sensitivity in detection of gliomas rather than FLT PET, but it seems that FLT PET is better than FET PET for noninvasive grading and predicting prognosis of newly diagnosed gliomas, considering high contrast of FLT and overlap of FET uptakes between HGG and LGG. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Many

patients with symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have minimal left ventricular outflow tract gradients, and there is uncertainty whether their limitation is due to diastolic dysfunction or labile outflow tract obstruction. The purpose of this study was to characterize Liproxstatin-1 mw the clinical presentation and outcome of septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and latent obstruction.

Methods: Among 749 patients who underwent septal myectomy, 249 had latent obstruction with minimal (0-30 mm Hg) resting gradients preoperatively. All were symptomatic and had more severe left AP24534 chemical structure ventricular outflow tract obstruction provoked by Valsalva maneuver or amyl nitrite inhalation during Doppler echocardiography or by stimulation with isoproterenol during catheterization.

Clinical characteristics, survival, and functional outcome of these patients were compared with those of 500 patients with more severe resting left ventricular outflow tract obstruction who underwent myectomy during the same period.

Results: Compared with those with severe obstruction, more patients with latent obstruction were male (63% vs 52%, P < .003), but ages were similar (53 +/- 14 years vs 52 +/- 15 years). Preoperative symptoms and functional limitation were similar

in the 2 groups with 86% and 85%, respectively, having New York Heart Association class III or IV disability. Among patients with latent obstruction, mixed venous oxygen saturation was 61.6% +/- 19.0% of predicted find more compared with 56.8% +/- 17.3% for those with severe resting obstruction (P < .008). Septal thickness was less in patients with latent obstruction (20 +/- 9mmvs 22 +/- 15 mm, P < .001). Early mortality was 1% in each group, and survival at 5 and 10 years was 93% and 87%, respectively, for patients with latent obstruction compared with 93% and 74%, respectively, for patients with severe resting obstruction preoperatively (P = .34). Self-reported late functional status was similar; 3 to 5 years postoperatively, 81% of patients with latent obstruction preoperatively were in New York Heart Association class I or II compared with 77% of patients with severe resting obstruction.

\Conclusions: Patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have low resting gradients and latent obstruction may have limiting symptoms comparable to those of patients with more severe resting gradients.

(C) 2012 IBRO.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All STI571 cell line rights reserved.”
“Reports of gene environment interactions (GxE) between the serotonin transporter gene and stress on risk of depression have generated both excitement and controversy. The controversy persists in part because a mechanistic account of this GxE on serotonergic neurotransmission and risk of depression has been lacking. In this Opinion, we draw on recent discoveries in the functional neuroanatomy of the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) to propose such a mechanistic account. We argue that genetically produced variability in serotonin reuptake during stressor-induced raphe raphe interactions alters the balance in the amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)-DR circuitry underlying stressor reactivity and emotion regulation. In particular, the recently characterized stressor-responsive serotonergic interneurons originating from the dorsolateral DR may hold a key to unlocking the GxE mechanism of depression.”
“A number of techniques are used in the field of proteomics that can be combined to get the most molecular information from a specific biological

sample, fluid or tissue. Imaging techniques CB-5083 solubility dmso are often used to obtain local information from tissue samples. However, imaging experiments are often staining experiments, which rely on specific or aspecific interactions between fluorescent markers and pre-defined

(families of) peptide or protein. Therefore, imaging is often used as a screening or validation tool for the local presence of proteins that have been identified by other means. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) combines the advantages of MS and microscopy eFT-508 ic50 in a single experiment. It is a technique that does not require any labeling of the analytes and provides a high multiplexing capability combined with the potential for analyte identification. It enables simultaneous detection of potentially all peptides and proteins present at a tissue surface and is used for the determination and identification of tissue-specific disease markers. The workflows of IMS experiments closely resemble those of conventional proteomics. In this review, we describe IMS experiments step-by-step to position and evaluate the role of IMS in a comparative proteomics landscape. We illustrate in a concise review that IMS is a true discovery oriented tool for proteomics that seamlessly integrates in conventional proteomics workflows and can be perceived as either an alternative or complementary proteomics technique.”
“Background The effectiveness of durable polymer drug-eluting stents comes at the expense of delayed arterial healing and subsequent late adverse events such as stent thrombosis (ST).

Methods and Results:

The presence of VRE was investigated in 33 faecal samples of B. buteo. Samples were seeded in Slanetz-Bartley agar plates supplemented with vancomycin for VRE recovery. Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and virulence were studied by polymerase chain reaction. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium URMC-099 cost isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing. VRE with an acquired mechanism

of resistance (vanA genotype) were detected in 9% of samples analysed (Ent. faecium and Enterococcus durans). In addition, 27% of samples contained VRE with an intrinsic mechanism of resistance (Enterococcus gallinarum, vanC1). All vanA-containing isolates showed resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin and harboured the tet(M) and/or tet(L) genes, in addition to the ermB gene. The vat(E) and/or vat(D), Cl-amidine clinical trial cat(A) and aph(3′)-IIIa genes were identified in quinupristin-dalfopristin-, chloramphenicol-, and kanamycin-resistant vanA-containing

strains, respectively. The sequence types ST273 and ST5 were identified in two vanA-positive Ent. faecium isolates, and the presence of hyl, gelE, cylA, cylL and cylM virulence genes and gelatinase activity were identified in Ent. faecium ST5 strain.

Conclusions:

The intestinal tract of B. buteo could be a reservoir of vanA-positive enterococci.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

First study focused to define the occurrence of vanA-containing Enterococcus strains in B. buteo.”
“The neurosphere culture system is useful for expanding neural stem cells Silmitasertib concentration (NSCs) without affecting self-renewal potential and multipotency. However, the extrinsic signals that affect the formation or dissociation of neurospheres are poorly understood. Here, we found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) induced the attachment of neurospheres,

astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. These outcomes were accompanied by Akt activation and upregulation of the adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. A phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) inhibitor (LY294002) blocked attachment of neurosphere, astrocytic differentiation, migration, and N-cadherin upregulation of neurosphre NSCs. The PI3 kinase-Akt pathway appeared to selectively mediate the effects of BMP4, as neurosphere attachment was unaffected by MEK inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Importantly, a neutralizing N-cadherin antibody inhibited BMP4-induced neurosphere attachment, astrocytic differentiation, and migration of neurosphere NSCs. Together, these findings show that BMP4-induced attachment of neurospheres is related to the astrocytic differentiation of these cells and that these effects are attributable, at least in part, to PI3 kinase-Akt pathway-dependent induction of N-cadherin. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim:

To construct a chimeric vector named pBVGh for quickly generating gene modifications in Enterococcus faecalis.