Herein we describe the molecular mechanism underlying the glucose-mediated Givinostat transcriptional regulation of the PC gene. Incubation of the rat insulin cell line INS-1 832/13 with glucose resulted in a 2-fold increase in PC mRNA expression. Transient transfections of

the rat PC promoter-luciferase reporter construct in the above cell line combined with mutational analysis indicated that the rat PC gene promoter contains the glucose-responsive element (GRE), comprising three canonical E-boxes (E1, E3 and E4) and one E-box-like element (E2) clustering between nucleotides -546 and -399, upstream of the transcription start site. Mutation of any of these E-boxes resulted in a marked reduction of glucose-mediated transcriptional induction of the reporter gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the upstream stimulatory factors 1 and 2 (USF1 and USF2) bind to E1, the Specificity Protein-1 (Sp1) binds to E2, USF2 and the carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) binds to E4, while unknown factors binds to E3. High glucose promotes the recruitment of Sp1 to E2 and, USF2 and ChREBP to E4. Silencing the expression of

Sp1, USF2 and ChREBP by their respective siRNAs in INS-1 832/13 cells blunted glucose-induced expression of endogenous PC. We conclude that the glucose-mediated transcriptional activation of the rat PC gene is regulated by at least these three transcription factors.”
“Dipyrone (metamizole) is an analgesic pro drug used to control moderate pain. check details It is metabolized in two

major bioactive metabolites: 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4 AA) The aim of this study was to investigate CB-839 concentration the participation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors activation in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. PGE(2) (100 ng/50 mu L/paw) was locally administered in the hindpaw of male Wistar rats, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold was quantified by electronic von Frey test, before and 3 h after its injection. Dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA was administered 30 min before the von Frey test. The selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, cGMP inhibitor ODQ or K-ATP channel blocker glibenclamide were administered 30 min before dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. The antisense-ODN against CB1 receptor expression was intrathecally administered once a day during four consecutive days. PGE(2)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited by dipyrone, 4-MAA, and 4-AA in a dose-response manner. AM251 or ODN antisense against neuronal CB1 receptor, but not AM630, reversed the anti-hyperalgesic effect mediated by 4-AA, but not by dipyrone or 4-MAA. On the other hand, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone or 4-MAA was reversed by glibenclamide or ODQ. These results suggest that the activation of neuronal CB1, but not CB2 receptor, in peripheral tissue is involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 4-aminoantipyrine.

SynII(-/-) and SynIII(-/-) mice also display schizophrenia-like traits, suggesting that Syns could be involved in the regulation of social behavior. Here, we studied social interaction and novelty, social recognition and social dominance, social transmission of food preference and social memory in groups of male SynI(-/-), SynII(-/-) and SynIII(-/-) mice before and after the

appearance of the epileptic phenotype and compared their performances with control mice. We found that deletion of Syn isoforms widely impairs social behaviors and repetitive behaviors, resulting in ASD-related phenotypes. SynI or SynIII deletion altered social behavior, whereas SynII deletion extensively impaired various aspects of social behavior and memory, altered exploration of a novel environment and increased self-grooming. Social impairments of SynI(-/-) and SynII(-/-) mice were Apoptosis Compound Library ic50 evident also before the onset of seizures. The results demonstrate an involvement of Syns in generation of the behavioral traits of ASD and identify Syn knockout mice as a useful experimental model of ASD and epilepsy. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html reserved.”
“Previous evaluations of natriuretic peptide (NP) levels

in patients with acute dyspnoea presenting to the emergency department (ED) have selected only a minority of patients for echocardiography. We aimed to evaluate the association between NPs and more subtle echocardiographic findings and to assess the potential for NPs to provide additional prognostic information beyond that provided by echocardiography in ‘all-comers’ with acute dyspnoea.\n\nProspective echocardiograms were performed on 338/412 patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnoea. B-type natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP were measured on presentation. Patients were followed-up for 1 year. Decompensated heart failure

was diagnosed in 37% of patients and 13% died. The diagnostic accuracy (c-statistic) of BNP and NT-proBNP for identifying LVEF < 40% was 0.88 (P < 0.001) and 0.86 (P < 0.001), find more respectively. The c-statistics for BNP and NT-proBNP for identifying diastolic dysfunction were 0.67 (P < 0.001) and 0.67 (P < 0.001); but only 0.57 (P = 0.09) and 0.60 (P = 0.02) in patients with LVEF >= 50%. Natriuretic peptides, but not LV mass or diastolic parameters, independently predicted mortality at 1 year in all patients and in those with an LVEF >= 50%.\n\nIn an acute dyspnoea population with ‘all-comers’ undergoing echocardiography, NPs correlate strongly with structural abnormalities and identify those with preserved LVEF at highest risk for death. Careful interpretation of elevated NP values is needed in the presence of preserved systolic function.

\n\nArtificial

Neural Network (ANN) and expert-system methods may have reached peak efficiency. Support Vector Machine (SVM) technology focuses on outliers rather than centroids of spike and nonspike data clusters and should improve AESD efficiency. An exemplary spike/nonspike database is suggested as a tool for assessing parameters and methods for AESD and is available in CSV or Matlab formats from the author at [email protected]. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is presented as a graphic method for finding better spike parameters and for the step-wise evaluation of the spike detection process.”
“An investigation of perinatal mortality in sheep and goats in nine governorates of Jordan was conducted from May to September 2001. Information from farmers was recorded on questionnaires at the time check details of farm visits. A total of 305 sheep breeders and 126 goat breeders were interviewed. Perinatal mortality in goats (13%) was almost double that in sheep (7.5%). The majority of abortions occurred in November, December and January and perinatal mortality varied between governorates. The overall kidding rate was higher than lambing rate, probably due to genetic factors. The barren rate in sheep

was comparable to that in goats. Neonatal lamb losses were 4.5%, whereas neonatal kid mortality was 8.5%. It appeared that the Jordanian farmers were aware selleck screening library of some of the important causes of perinatal mortality but they did not know how to prevent them.”
“Background and PurposeAngiotensin II (AngII) and IL-1 are involved in cardiovascular diseases through the induction of inflammatory pathways. HuR is an adenylate- and uridylate-rich element (ARE)-binding protein involved in the mRNA stabilization of many genes. This study investigated the contribution of HuR to the increased expression of COX-2 induced by AngII and IL-1 and its consequences on VSMC migration and remodelling. Experimental ApproachRat and human VSMCs were stimulated with AngII (0.1M) and/or IL-1 (10ngmL(-1)). Mice were infused with AngII or subjected to carotid artery ligation. selleck products mRNA

and protein levels were assayed by quantitative PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Cell migration was measured by wound healing and transwell assays. Key ResultsIn VSMCs, AngII potentiated COX-2 and tenascin-C expressions and cell migration induced by IL-1. This effect of AngII on IL-1-induced COX-2 expression was accompanied by increased COX-2 3 untranslated region reporter activity and mRNA stability, mediated through cytoplasmic HuR translocation and COX-2 mRNA binding. These effects were blocked by ERK1/2 and HuR inhibitors. VSMC migration was reduced by blockade of ERK1/2, HuR, COX-2, TXAS, TP and EP receptors. HuR, COX-2, mPGES-1 and TXAS expressions were increased in AngII-infused mouse aortas and in carotid-ligated arteries. AngII-induced tenascin-C expression and vascular remodelling were abolished by celecoxib and by mPGES-1 deletion.

Stratum corneum hydration increased in both age groups and the selleckchem lipid content of the skin surface on the forehead decreased significantly after three treatment cycles in subjects aged 28-37 years. Ultrasound measurements verified that

there was no retention of water within the dermis. There was no difference between the two age groups.\n\nConclusion: For the first time, improvements in several facial skin parameters during treatment with a combined oral contraceptive (chlormadinone/ethinylestradiol) were quantified by biophysical methods and a clinical sum score. The highly statistically significant improvements in clinical findings and various biophysical skin parameters observed in this study suggest that the antiandrogenic oral

contraceptive chlormadinone/ethinylestradiol may be a major therapy option in women with acne-prone skin who request hormonal contraception.”
“Efficient and rapid monitoring of Salmonella in the poultry production chain is necessary to assure safe food. The objective was to validate an open-formula real-time PCR method for screening of Salmonella in poultry faeces (sock samples). The method consists of incubation in buffered peptone water for 18 +/- 2 h, centrifugation of a 1-ml subsample, DNA extraction on the pellet and PCR. The total analysis time is 20 h. The validation study included comparative and collaborative trials, based on the recommendations from the Nordic organization for validation of alternative

microbiological methods (NordVal). The comparative trial was performed against a reference method from the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL187, Epigenetic high throughput screening 2007) using 132 artificially and naturally contaminated samples. The limit of detection (LOD50) was found to be 24 and 33 CFU/sample for the PCR and NMKL187 methods, respectively. The relative accuracy, relative sensitivity and relative specificity were all 100%, when including naturally LDN-193189 contaminated samples and samples artificially contaminated with 10-100 CFU/sample. The collaborative trial included six laboratories and valid results were obtained from five of them. Apart from one of the samples that was artificially contaminated with 1-10 CFU/sample being a false negative with PCR for one of the laboratories, no false-positive or false-negative results were reported. This test supplies the growing demand for validated diagnostic PCR methods for screening of samples in the meat production chain to assure safe food. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose. To compare the feasibility of cataract surgery with implantation of endocapsular supporting devices and intraocular lens (IOL) in subluxated cataract in phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Design. Prospective randomized intervention case series consisting of 60 eyes with visually significant subluxated cataract. Method. The patients were randomly distributed between the two groups equally.

We then used immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the expression pattern of p-Ser9-GSK-3 beta in 178 patients with HCC after curative partial click here hepatectomy. Finally we statistically analyzed the association of p-Ser9-GSK-3 beta and T2DM with the prognosis of patients with HCC. Results: P-Ser9-GSK-3 beta was over-expressed in tumor tissues compared with their normal counterparts. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that the over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3 beta was significantly associated with T2DM, and the correlation coefficient was 0.259 (P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that

the over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3 beta(P smaller than 0.001) and T2DM(P = 0.008) were independently associated with poor prognosis of HCC, respectively. Further analysis demonstrated that these two variables are closely related with each other. Conclusion: The over-expression of p-Ser9-GSK-3 beta and learn more T2DM are strongly correlated with worse surgical outcome of HCC. P-Ser9-GSK-3 beta may play a significant role in mediating the influence of T2DM

on the prognosis of HCC.”
“Current target-based drug discovery platforms are not able to predict drug efficacy and the full spectrum of drug effects in organisms. Hence, many experimental drugs do not survive the lengthy and costly process of drug development. Understanding how drugs affect cellular network structures and how the resulting Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor signals are translated into drug effects is extremely important for the discovery of new medicines. This requires a greater understanding of cause effect relationships at the organism, organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular level. There is a growing recognition that this information must be integrated into discovery paradigms, but a ‘road map’ for obtaining and integrating information about heterogeneous networks into drug-discovery platforms currently does not exist.

This review explores recent network-centered approaches developed to investigate the genesis of medicine and disease effects, specifically highlighting protein protein interaction network models and their use in cause effect analyses in medicine.”
“Finding our way in spatial environments is an essential part of daily life. How do we come to possess this sense of direction? Extensive research points to the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) as key neural structures underlying spatial navigation. To better understand this system, we examined recordings of single-neuron activity from neurosurgical patients playing a virtual-navigation video game. In addition to place cells, which encode the current virtual location, we describe a unique cell type, EC path cells, the activity of which indicates whether the patient is taking a clockwise or counterclockwise path around the virtual square road.

Further, our histological findings indicated that the NP-based formulation inhibited fibroblast infiltration and fragmentation of elastic fibers, further supporting the clinical importance of these formulations in maintaining the integrity of elastic connective tissues. Conclusion: The current investigation suggests click here that NP-mediated transcutaneous delivery of HC could be considered an effective therapeutic approach to manage dermatitis.”
“Cellular apoptosis and colonic dysmotility are involved in diabetes mellitus (DM) complications. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is known to affect apoptosis

and proliferation. Here, we demonstrated that the treatment of 1500 ng/kg IGF-1 partly recovers the decrease of the muscle thickness, body weight and gastrointestinal transit rate in DM rats. The gastrointestinal transit rate is positively correlated with the IGF-I level, but negatively correlated with the level GSI-IX of colonic cellular apoptosis. The DM-induced colonic apoptosis is also attenuated by the IGF-1 stimulation. Moreover, IGF-1 inhibits the apoptosis of the isolated colonic SMCs in vitro via the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Taken together, our data indicated that IGF-1 inhibits the DM-induced colonic SMC apoptosis and might be involved

in the alleviation of colonic dysmotility in diabetic rats. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Study design: Cross-sectional study. Objectives: The main goal of our study was to explore the differences in heart rate variability (HRV) while sitting between able-bodied (AB) participants and paraplegic (P) individuals. Setting: The study was conducted in the Physical Therapy department and the Physical Education and Sports department of the University of Valencia

and Vall d’Hebron Hospital. Methods: To record the HRV, a 1000-Hz Suunto Oy t6 heart rate monitor was used. The data were analyzed in the temporal and frequency SN-38 DNA Damage inhibitor domains, and nonlinear analysis was performed as well. Results: We found significant differences between P and AB participants in SDNN: t(76) = 2.81, P smaller than 0.01; root mean squared of the difference of successive RR intervals: t(76) = 2.35, P smaller than 0.05; very low frequency: t(76) = 2.97, P smaller than 0.01; low frequency: t(41.06) = 2.33, P smaller than 0.05; total power of the spectrum: t(45.74) = 2.57, P smaller than 0.05; SD1: t(76) = 2.35, P smaller than 0.05; SD2: t(76) = 2.82, P smaller than 0.01. Furthermore, there is a reduced variability in the P participants who adopted a sedentary lifestyle as could be observed in detrended fluctuation1 t(40) = -2.10; P smaller than 0.05. Conclusion: Although individuals in the P group were more active in sports than the AB group, they had an altered HRV when compared with AB individuals.

Fifteen percent of

patients meeting 3 MA previous ATS guidelines failed to meet revised criteria due to a lack of honeycombing on high-resolution computed tomography and the absence of a surgical lung biopsy. Patients failing to meet previous and revised diagnostic criteria for IPF were younger. CONCLUSION: The revised guidelines for the diagnosis of IPF classify a substantial proportion of patients differently than the previous guidelines.”
“Aim: Obesity has been implicated in the aetiology of myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplasia (MDS). We hypothesised that altered secretion of adiponectin and resistin may underlie this association. We thus investigated the role of both total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and resistin in MDS.\n\nMethods: In a case-control study, we studied 101 cases with incident, histologically confirmed primary MDS and 101 controls matched on gender and age between 2004 and 2007. Total and HMW adiponectin, resistin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and

insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3) were determined.\n\nResults: Lower serum total or HMW adiponectin and/or resistin levels were independently associated with higher risk of MDS controlling for age, gender, BMI and serum levels of leptin, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (p < 0.002). Although total and HMW adiponectin were both significantly inversely associated with MDS when LY2606368 research buy modelled either in quartiles or continuously, HMW did not offer any substantial additional predictive value over total adiponectin (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.91 versus 0.93 for a 1 mu g/ml LY3023414 in vitro change, respectively). IGF-I was positively associated with MDS by bivariate analysis and both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were higher in advanced MDS and higher risk stages, but were not significantly and independently associated with MDS.\n\nConclusion: Total and HMW adiponectin may have a protective role in MDS, whereas resistin levels may be decreased via a compensatory mechanism. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Gordon NM, Rudroff T, Enoka JA, Enoka RM. Handedness but not

dominance influences variability in endurance time for sustained, submaximal contractions. J Neurophysiol 108: 1501-1510, 2012. First published June 13, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.01144.2011.-The purpose of this study was to compare endurance time and accompanying neuromuscular adjustments when left- and right-handed subjects used the dominant and nondominant arms to sustain submaximal contractions that required either force or position control. Ten left-handed and 10 right-handed healthy adults (21 +/- 5 yr) participated in the study. Each subject exerted a similar net torque about the elbow joint during the force and position tasks to achieve a target force of 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force (56 +/- 18 N). MVC force declined to a similar level immediately after task failure for left-and right-handed subjects (27 +/- 13 vs. 25 +/- 15%, P = 0.9).

Patients mainly described medications as a little/not at all effective (40.0%) or somewhat effective (52.9%). Current Overall Health rating was 52.9 (+/- 17.8) and FIQ total score was 54.8 (+/- 17.3). FIQ total score was used to define FM severity, and 17 patients scored 0- < 39 (mild FM), 33 patients 39- < 59 (moderate FM), and 38 scored 59-100 (severe

FM). As FM severity level worsened, patients had poorer overall health status and perceived their prescription medications to be less effective. Average cost/FM patient was higher click here for severe ((sic) 10,087) vs. moderate ((sic) 6,633) or mild FM ((sic) 5,473); however, the difference was not significant.\n\nConclusions: In a sample of 88 patients with FM from France, we found that FM poses a substantial economic and human burden on patients and society. FM severity level was significantly associated with patients’ health status and core symptom domains.”
“The photoenhanced uptake of nitrogen dioxide

(NO2) to the surface of commercially available self-cleaning window glass has been studied under controlled laboratory conditions. This material is one of an array of modem building products which incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and are finding increasing use in populated Selumetinib ic50 urban areas. Amongst the principal drivers for the use of these materials is that they are thought to facilitate the irreversible removal of pollutants such as NO2 and organic molecules from the atmosphere and thus act to remediate air quality. While it appears that TiO2 materials do indeed remove organic molecules from built environments, in this study we show that the photoenhanced uptake

of NO2 to one example material, self-cleaning window glass, is in fact accompanied by the substantial formation (50-70%) of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO). This finding has direct and serious implications for the use of these materials in Screening Library urban areas. Not only is HONO a harmful respiratory irritant, it is also readily photolysed by solar radiation leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) together with the re-release of NO, as NO. The net effect of subsequent OH initiated chemistry can then be the further degradation of air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and VOC oxidation products. In summary, we suggest that a scientifically conceived technical strategy for air quality remediation based on this technology, while widely perceived as universally beneficial, could in fact have effects precisely opposite to those intended. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Body condition is an important trait that reflects the capacity of individuals to acquire food or resist disease, eventually allowing successful reproduction and survival. We first quantified the effects of condition on life history and a secondary sexual trait using long-term lifetime data on condition in a migratory bird species, the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica.

HCM prognosis worsens when MYBPC3 Arg502Trp occurs in the setting of another sarcomere protein gene mutation. (Circ Res. 2010;106:1549-1552.)”
“Diabetic studies are mostly BI 6727 clinical trial interested in gene expression in the pancreas, the site of insulin secretion that regulates blood glucose levels. However, a single gene approach has been ruled out for many years in discovering new genes or the molecular networks involved in the induction process of diabetes. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which cyclo (His-Pro) (CHP) affects amelioration of diabetes mellitus,

we performed gene expression profiling in the pancreatic tissues of two diabetic animal models, streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (T1DM) and genetically-diabetic (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice (T2DM). To understand the healing process of these diabetic rodents, we examined the effects of CHP on various gene expression in pancreatic tissues of both animal models. Our microarray analysis revealed that a total of 1,175 genes www.selleckchem.com/products/ag-881.html were down-regulated and 629 genes were up-regulated in response to STZ treatment, and the altered expression levels of numerous genes were restored to normal state upon CHP treatment. In particular, 476

genes showed significantly altered gene expression upon CHP treatment. In a functional classification, 7,198 genes were counted as differentially expressed in pancreatic tissues of STZ- and CHP-treated rats compared

with control, whereas 1,534 genes were restored to normal states by CHP treatment. Microarray data demonstrated for the first time that overexpression of the genes encoding IL-1 receptor, lipid metabolic enzymes (e.g. Mte1, Ptdss1, and Sult2a1), myo-inositol https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7441.html oxygenase, glucagon, and somatostatin as well as down-regulation of olfactory receptor 984 and mitochondrial ribosomal protein, which are highly linked to T1DM etiology. In genetically-diabetic mice, 4,384 genes were altered in gene expression by more than 2-fold compared to the control mice, when counted differentially expressed. In genetically-diabetic mice, 4,384 genes altered in expression by higher than 2-fold were counted as differentially expressed genes in pancreatic tissues of CHP-treated mice. On the other hand, 2,140 genes were up-regulated and 2,244 genes were down-regulated by CHP treatment. The results of the microarray analysis revealed that up-regulation of IL-2, IL12a, and leptin receptor and down-regulation of PIK3 played important physiological roles in the onset of T2DM. In conclusion, we hypothesize that CHP accelerates alterations of gene expression in ameliorating diabetes and antagonizes those that induces the disease.”
“Over the last decade a new virus disease caused by Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has been threatening the tomato industry worldwide. Reliable detection is vitally important to aid disease control.

PISQ-12 showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89). For test-retest reliability Spearman’s rho was 0.72-0.79 for all domains. The mean scores of PISQ-12 were significantly better in asymptomatic women compared with the incontinence +/- prolapse group. Sexual function was negatively affected by prolapse and/or incontinence as assessed with PQoL and IIQ-7 questionnaires.\n\nConclusion: The Turkish translated version of the PISQ-12 is a reliable, consistent and valid instrument to evaluate sexual functioning in women with urinary incontinence and/or pelvic organ prolapse. It is easy to understand that it may be

easily administered and self-completed by the women. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Suffolk wether lambs (34.5 +/- 2.0 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square-designed experiment to examine the effects of ruminal check details protein degradability and supplementation frequency on site and extent of digestion in lambs consuming

a low-quality forage diet. Wethers were fed a basal diet of mature crested wheatgrass hay (4.2% CP) for ad libitum consumption plus 1 of 4 supplements: 1) a high RDP supplement provided daily (RDP-D), 2) the high RDP supplement provided on alternate days (RDP-A), 3) a high RUP supplement provided on alternate days (RUP-A), or 4) a 50: 50 mixture of the RDP and RUP supplements, provided on alternate days (MIX-A). Forage OM, N, NDF, or ADF intakes were not affected by treatment. 17DMAG supplier True ruminal OM digestibility was greater (P < 0.001) Selleckchem GSK461364 for MIX-A lambs compared with other treatments. True ruminal N digestibility was less (P < 0.01)

in RUP-A lambs compared with other treatments. Ruminal digestibilities of NDF and ADF were greater (P <= 0.01) for MIX-A lambs compared with other treatments. There was a treatment x hour interaction (P < 0.001) with a delay in peak concentrations within the RDP-A lambs. However, lambs supplemented with RUP had less (P < 0.001) ruminal ammonia concentrations compared with RDP-D lambs, with RUP-A lambs exhibiting the least concentrations and least variation over time. Ruminal urease activity was not affected by treatment. Microbial N flow was not affected by treatment; however, there was an increase (P – 0.004) in microbial efficiency for RDP-D lambs. Alternate day protein supplementation with a mixture of RDP and RUP may improve digestibility in lambs consuming low-quality forage, which may be related to decreased fluctuation in ruminal ammonia concentrations as a result of greater endogenous N recycling.”
“The effect of chemical structures of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy radical) derivatives and its analogous compounds on oxidation efficiency of C6 primary hydroxyls of wood cellulose was investigated using the NaClO/NaBr system at pH 10.