In contrast, demethoxycurcumin and curcumin showed >3-fold less potency and selectivity. Molecular docking studies of the curcuminoids in the AKR1B10-NADP(+) complex and site-directed mutagenesis of the putative binding residues suggest that Gln114, Val301 and Gln303 are important for determining the inhibitory potency and selectivity of the curcuminoids. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Oku-Komyo-En is one of the national leprosy sanatoria, located on a small island in Setouchi city, Okayama prefecture of Japan since 1938. Since autopsies were carried

out routinely on almost all patients who had died in the sanatorium up to 1980, approximately 1,000 formalin-fixed autopsy tissue samples were available for analysis. When these samples were reviewed, the pathological data indicated a sharp rise in CX-6258 datasheet the death rate caused by cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

since selleck inhibitor 1960 and 1970, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common cause of HCC in Japan. The presence of HCV RNA was demonstrated in paraffin sections prepared from the autopsied liver tissue fixed in formalin for a prolonged period of time, by employing nested RT-PCR using type-specific primers. The data showed that HCV RNA was detectable in samples of the liver archived as early as 1940, representing the liver tissues kept in formalin for up to 67 years. HCV genotypes 1b and 2a were found by RT-PCR at 85.7% and 14.3%, respectively, in patients with leprosy. J. Med. Virol. 82:556-561,2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“The Arabidopsis ABC transporter Comatose (CTS; AtABCD1) is required for uptake into the peroxisome of a wide range of substrates for beta-oxidation, but it is uncertain whether CTS itself is the transporter or if the transported substrates are free acids or CoA esters. To establish a system for its biochemical analysis, CTS was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Z-DEVD-FMK chemical structure The plant protein was correctly targeted to yeast peroxisomes, was assembled into the membrane with its nucleotide binding domains in the cytosol, and exhibited basal ATPase activity

that was sensitive to aluminum fluoride and abrogated by mutation of a conserved Walker A motif lysine residue. The yeast pxa1 pxa2 Delta mutant lacks the homologous peroxisomal ABC transporter and is unable to grow on oleic acid. Consistent with its exhibiting a function in yeast akin to that in the plant, CTS rescued the oleate growth phenotype of the pxa1 pxa2 Delta mutant, and restored beta-oxidation of fatty acids with a range of chain lengths and varying degrees of desaturation. When expressed in yeast peroxisomal membranes, the basal ATPase activity of CTS could be stimulated by fatty acyl-CoAs but not by fatty acids. The implications of these findings for the function and substrate specificity of CTS are discussed.

This fact opens the possibility to perform 2PE microscopy at four to five times STED-improved resolution, while exploiting the intrinsic advantages of nonlinear excitation.”
“A number of new 3-(substituted)-benzylidene derivatives of 7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2-one have been synthesized and their anticonvulsant activity tested through Maximal Electroshock (M.E.S.) model and PTZ animal model by using Phenytoin and Diazepam as reference drugs respectivily. The five compounds, namely 3-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2-one 4a, 3-(2-chlorobenzylidene)-7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e]

[1,4]diazepin-2-one 4b, 3(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-7-Chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2-one 4d, 3-(4-N, N-dimethylbenzylidene)-7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e][1,4]

diazepin-2-one 4h and 3(4-florobenzylidene)-7-chloro5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2-one buy IPI-549 4j have shown significant anticonvulsant activity as compared to reference see more drugs.”
“To investigate ex vivo, the root canal morphology of the MB root of maxillary first molar teeth by means of micro-computed tomography.\n\nThirty extracted intact human maxillary first molar teeth were selected for micro-tomographic analysis (SkyScan 1072, Aartselaar, Belgium) with a slice thickness of 38.0 mu m. The following data regarding the MB root were analysed and recorded: number and type of root canals, prevalence of isthmuses, prevalence of intercanal connections, presence of accessory canals, presence of loops and number of apical foramina.\n\nThe MB2 canal was present in 80% of specimens and was independent

in 42% of these cases. When present, the MB2 canal merged with the MB1 canal in 58% of cases. Communications between the two canals were found in all specimens, with isthmuses in 71% of the cases. These communications and isthmuses were respectively in 42% and 54% of the cases in the coronal third, in 59% and 79% of the cases in the middle third and in 24% and 50% of the cases in the apical third. Selleckchem AZD3965 A single apical foramen was found in 37% of specimens, two apical foramina were present in 23% of the cases, with three or more separate apical foramina occurring in 40% of the specimens.\n\nThe MB root canal anatomy was complex: a high incidence of MB2 root canals, isthmuses, accessory canals, apical delta and loops was found.”
“The white-chinned petrel (Procellaria aequinoctialis) is the seabird most often killed on longlines in the Southern Ocean and is listed as vulnerable to extinction. We estimated the population breeding at the Prince Edward Islands, the last breeding site for the nominate subspecies that lacks a recent population estimate. White-chinned petrel burrows are largely confined to deep, muddy soils, usually on slopes below 200 m, but locally up to 420 m.

Phenomenological observations document this “solution” by the visual system.”
“The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or Apo2L) preferentially cause apoptosis of malignant

cells in vitro and in vivo without severe toxicity. Therefore, TRAIL or agonist antibodies to the TRAIL DR4 and DR5 receptors are used in cancer therapy. However, many malignant cells are intrinsically-resistant or acquire resistance to TRAIL. It has been previously PI3K inhibitor proposed that the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) might play a role in resistance of cells to intrinsic apoptotic pathways by interfering with components of ceramide metabolism or by modulating the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. In this study we investigated whether Pgp also confers resistance toward extrinsic death ligands of the TNF family. To this end we focused our study on HeLa cells carrying a tetracycline-repressible plasmid system which shuts down Pgp expression in the presence of tetracycline. Our findings demonstrate that expression of Pgp is a significant factor conferring resistance to TRAIL administration, but not to other death ligands such as TNF-alpha. and Fas ligand. Moreover, blocking Pgp transport activity sensitizes the malignant cells toward TRAIL. Therefore, Pgp transport function is

required to confer resistance to TRAIL. Although the resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis is Pgp specific, TRAIL itself is not a direct substrate of Pgp. Pgp expression has no effect on the level of the TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5. These findings might have clinical implications since the combination of TRAIL therapy with administration of Pgp modulators might Dibutyryl-cAMP mw sensitize TRAIL resistant tumors. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Fetal ECG (FECG) telemonitoring

is an important branch in telemedicine. The design of a telemonitoring system via a wireless body area network with low energy consumption for ambulatory use is highly desirable. As an emerging technique, compressed sensing (CS) shows great promise in compressing/reconstructing data with low energy consumption. However, due to some specific characteristics of raw FECG recordings such as nonsparsity GSK1120212 cell line and strong noise contamination, current CS algorithms generally fail in this application. This paper proposes to use the block sparse Bayesian learning framework to compress/reconstruct nonsparse raw FECG recordings. Experimental results show that the framework can reconstruct the raw recordings with high quality. Especially, the reconstruction does not destroy the interdependence relation among the multichannel recordings. This ensures that the independent component analysis decomposition of the reconstructed recordings has high fidelity. Furthermore, the framework allows the use of a sparse binary sensing matrix with much fewer nonzero entries to compress recordings. Particularly, each column of the matrix can contain only two nonzero entries.

Undetected animals carrying anthelmintic resistant (AR) worms entering the feedlot, could cause major productivity losses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Members of the PPAR? coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family are central transcriptional coactivators that regulate cell metabolic processes

ranging from mitochondrial biogenesis to oxidative respiration. PGC-1-related coactivator (PPRC1 or PRC), initially identified as a member of the PGC-1 family, is believed to regulate mitochondria biogenesis, respiration pathways, and cell proliferation. However, its physiological role is not clearly understood. Here, we investigate the biological functions of PPRC1 in vivo using PPRC1 deficient mice generated by gene targeting. Results: Homozygous deficient PPRC1 mice failed to form egg cylinders and died after implantation but before embryonic day 6.5, learn more whereas mice heterozygous for PPRC1 were viable, fertile and indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates. Furthermore, PPRC1 mRNA was expressed at the embryonic stage before implantation and was rapidly up-regulated during the first day of embryoid this website body formation. The PPRC1 mRNA was then subsequently down-regulated, although its precise

function at this stage of development was unclear. Conclusions: This is the first study to suggest a nonredundant role for PPRC1 in mouse early embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 241:975983, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Evidence from cell, animal, and human studies demonstrates that alpha 1-adrenergic receptors mediate adaptive and protective effects in the heart. These effects may be particularly important in chronic heart failure, when catecholamine levels are elevated and beta-adrenergic receptors are down-regulated and dysfunctional. This review summarizes these data and proposes

that selectively activating HDAC inhibitor alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the heart might represent a novel and effective way to treat heart failure. This article is part of a special issue entitled “Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure.” Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Chromosome segregation depends on the spindle checkpoint, which delays anaphase until all chromosomes have bound microtubules and have been placed under tension. The Mad1-Mad2 complex is an essential component of the checkpoint. We studied the consequences of removing one copy of MAD2 in diploid cells of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared to MAD2/MAD2 cells, MAD2/mad2 Delta heterozygotes show increased chromosome loss and have different responses to two insults that activate the spindle checkpoint: MAD2/mad2 Delta cells respond normally to antimicrotubule drugs but cannot respond to chromosomes that lack tension between sister chromatids.

These human histologic data are extremely valuable to validate and confirm those obtained from studies performed on animal models. Moreover, immediate loading of the implants did not compromise soft tissue integration. (Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2012;32;323-328.)”
“The ontogeny of Belosaepia ungula Gabb, 1860 from the Crockett Formation (Bartonian stage, Eocene) of Texas is documented for growth from embryo to old age. During the last stage of life, much skeletal resorption occurred,

resulting in a major change in form of the skeleton. The animal produced a large skeleton (to 180 mm in length and 50 mm in diameter) with endogastric coiling, oblique septa and a very large siphuncle. The skeleton has a guard with a solid posterior prong, a posteroventral corona plate and a noded dorsal shield. The ventral margin of the skeleton consists of a thin flattened deck containing strongly recurved Bafilomycin A1 in vitro septa, conotheca and a secondary prismatic shell layer. New terms are defined for features of the skeleton not previously described. The microstructure of the ventral deck and the presence of a rod structure between the prong and callus are described for the first time. Chamberlets similar to those

in living Sepia cuttlebones are present between closely spaced septa and they vary from walled units on lateral margins to pillar form in mid-ventor. The siphuncle is secondarily thickened within CAL-101 the dorsal interior, producing a siphuncle band. The skeleton was produced by a deep-bodied animal of demersal life habits.

The species B. uncinata, B. harrisi and B. alabamensis voltzi proposed by Palmer (1937) are synonymised with B. ungula. The species B. veatchii and B. saccaria of Palmer (1937) are considered to be valid species, but B. alabamensis proposed by Palmer (1937) is synonymised with B. veatchii. Descriptions of belosaepiid species must be based only on specimens of adult size that have not been affected by resorption.”
“Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common reason for hospitalization and death in elderly people. Many predictors of in-hospital outcome have been studied in the general population with CAP. However, data are lacking on the prognostic significance of conditions unique to older patients, such as delirium and the coexistence of multiple comorbidities. The aim of selleck this study was to evaluate predictors of in-hospital outcome in elderly patients hospitalized for CAP. In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with CAP aged bigger than = 65 years were enrolled between January 2011 and June 2012 in two general wards. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected from electronic medical records. The end-point of the study was the occurrence of in-hospital death. 443 patients (mean age 81.8 +/- 7.5, range 65-99 years) were enrolled. More than 3 comorbidities were present in 31 % of patients.

These symptoms are often not specific to PD and have low positive predictive value for early PD diagnosis. Further, the pathological bases and biological mechanisms of these premotor symptoms and their relevance to PD pathogenesis are poorly understood. CONCLUSION: This is an emerging research area with important data gaps to be filled. Future research is needed to understand the prevalence

of multiple premotor symptoms and their etiological relevance to PD. Animal experiments and mechanistic studies will further understanding of the biology of these premotor symptoms and test novel etiological hypothesis.”
“Left main (LM) coronary artery aneurysm is rare and usually found incidentally during coronary angiography. Except NVP-HSP990 clinical trial for rare Kawasaki disease, iatrogenic and mycotic aneurysms, atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary aneurysm. In most clinical scenarios, coronary artery disease is accompanied with LM coronary aneurysm. Although coronary artery aneurysm does not confer added risk in patients with coexisting obstructive coronary artery disease, LM

coronary aneurysm itself remains a significant clinical concern. Thrombosis and this website distal embolization are the most likely reasons to cause morbidities. Aggressive surgical treatment should be considered. Here, we report a 65-year-old man presenting with effort angina. LM coronary aneurysm was noted in coronary angiogram and CP-456773 mw images including computed tomography, transesophageal echocardiography and operative photography were presented. (Circ J 2009;73:770-771)”
“Background: The administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin followed by hepatitis B vaccine can result in a protective efficacy

of almost 90% in mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, little is known about immunity against HBV infection in children after immunoprophylactic treatment. We tried to assess the association between T-cell responses and viremia in children after successful prophylactic treatment.\n\nMethods: Thirteen children and their 8 HBV carrier mothers (8 families), who were positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24, were enrolled in this study. All of the 13 children received immunoprophylactic treatment and became negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after birth. HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were evaluated using IFN gamma-enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) and major histocompatibility complex class I peptide pentamer assays. Serum HBV DNA was measured by real-time PCR.\n\nResults: Significant HBV-specific T-cell responses were detected in 2 (15%) of the 13 children by ELISPOT. However, the frequency of HLA-A24-HBV-specific CTLs was very low in both HBV carrier mothers and children using pentamers. Of the 13 children, 4 (31%) were positive for serum HBV DNA. However, the levels of serum HBV DNA were 100 copies/ml or less.

Elastase-1 concentration was < 200 mu g/g in 23% of the patients. Chymotrypsin activity was < 6 U/g in 26% of the patients. In 66% of the patients elastase-1 concentration was > 200 mu g/g and chymotrypsin activity > 6U/g. One test was below threshold in 19%, both in 15%. In patients with Type 1 diabetes, the three groups defined by results of elastase-1 concentration and chymotrypsin activity differed with regard to duration of diabetes and prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, but not BMI or HbA1c, or prevalence of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy or vascular disease. In patients with Type Belnacasan clinical trial 2 diabetes, the three

groups differed with regard to BMI, use of insulin and vascular disease, but not known duration. Conclusion Factors associated with pancreatic exocrine failure differ in patients with Type 1 diabetes compared with patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, association of decreased pancreatic exocrine function with BMI and vascular disease suggests a role of pancreatic arteriopathy.”
“The objective of the current study was to investigate the regulation of VEGF signaling and tumor angiogenesis by gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT in glioblastoma. GSK690693 Effects of DAPT on VEGFR1, VEGFR2, endothelial cell proliferation and vessel function were evaluated

using mouse microvascular endothelial H5V cell line and U87MG xenograft mouse models. We found that DAPT efficiently inhibited Notch signaling, increased VEGFR2 expression,

but decreased VEGFR1 expression. DAPT treatment enhanced endothelial cell proliferation when used combined with VEGF, but exerted no effect if used alone. In U87MG xenograft mouse models, DAPT treatment increased tumor vessel density but compromised vessel Etomoxir mouse function, as evidenced by poor perfusion and aggravated hypoxia. Therefore, DAPT treatment results in an uncoupling of tumor vessel density from vessel function and suppresses glioblastoma growth; disturbance of angiogenesis with DAPT presents a novel therapeutic approach for glioblastoma.”
“PURPOSE. To examine the relationship between the optic disc torsion and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness through a comparison with the macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer complex (GCIPL) thickness measured by Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS. Ninety-four eyes of 94 subjects with optic disc torsion and 114 eyes of 114 subjects without optic disc torsion were enrolled prospectively. The participants underwent fundus photography and OCT imaging in peripapillary RNFL mode and macular GCIPL mode. The participants were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of optic disc torsion. The eyes with optic disc torsion were further divided into supranasal torsion and inferotemporal torsion groups according to the direction of optic disc torsion.

The objective of this review is to examine the constituents of the streptococcal cell wall and secreted proteome, the mechanisms of transport of surface and secreted proteins, and describe the current methodologies employed for the identification of novel surface-displayed proteins and potential vaccine antigens.”
“The oribatid mite genus Perxylobates (Acari: Oribatida: Haplozetidae)

comprises 14 named species. We describe species Perxylobates thanhoaensis n. sp., based on adult specimens collected in decaying wood debris and the soil surface layer from Ben En VX-689 in vitro National Park, Thanh Hoa Province, North Central Vietnam. A new species is most similar to Perxylobates obesus Bayoumi, 1977 and Perxylobates guehoi Mahunka, 1978, but differs from these species by the sizes of body, the length of lamellar setae, the poorly developed transverse line between lamellar setae, the length of notogastral setae, the tooth on anterior margins of the pteromorpha, and the length and morphology of some epimeral setae.”
“Characterizing

the hydraulic properties of filter material used in a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) is a prerequisite to model wastewater treatment using process-based models. The filter material is a matrix of porous mineral material and organic matter that makes hydraulic characterization a difficult task. Here, we present a combined laboratory and in situ approach to assess the hydraulic properties of a VFCW installed at Evieu in Ain, France. The laboratory approach produces prior click here estimates of the local properties of the different VFCW system selleck inhibitor layers. These prior estimates are subsequently refined with inversely estimated parameters using the HYDRUS-1D code in combination with in situ hydrodynamic measurements. Laboratory experiments consisted of both direct (sand box, pressure chamber, and permeameter experiments) and inverse estimates (evaporation method) of hydraulic parameters. In situ measurements were based on 5.5-day monitoring of the full-scale filter using 24 time domain

reflectometry (TDR) probes installed at different depths. Applying the methodology with successive optimizations led to a reliable assessment of the hydraulic parameters of the VFCW. We conclude that the consistent representation of the hydraulic behavior of the VFCW requires in situ hydrodynamic observations combined with inverse modeling. However, to avoid the ill-posedness of the inverse problem, the number of fitted parameters should be kept to a minimum and parameter initialization need to be based on local-scale laboratory measurements. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Across many taxa, guarding of fertile mates is a widespread tactic that enhances paternity assurance. However, guarding of mates can also occur during the nonfertile period, and the fitness benefits of this behavior are unclear. Male songbirds, for example, sometimes guard nonfertile females during foraging recesses from incubation.

This is relevant for the fields of plant and animal breeding and, in human genetics, for ACY-738 in vivo the prediction of an individual’s risk for complex diseases. Here, population history and genomic architectures were simulated under the Wright-Fisher population and infinite-sites mutation

model, and prediction of genetic value was by the genomic selection approach, where a Bayesian nonlinear model was used to predict the effects of individual SNPs. The Bayesian model assumed a priori that only few SNPs are causative, i.e., have an effect different from zero. When using whole-genome sequence data, accuracies of prediction of genetic value were >40% increased relative to the use of dense similar to 30K SNP chips. At equal high density, the inclusion of the causative mutations yielded an extra increase of accuracy of 2.5-3.7%. Predictions of genetic value remained accurate even when the training and evaluation data were 10 generations Nutlin-3 price apart. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of SNP effects does not take full advantage of the genome sequence data, and nonlinear predictions, such as the Bayesian method used here, are needed to achieve maximum accuracy. On the basis of theoretical work, the results could be extended to more realistic

genome and population sizes.”
“OBJECTIVES: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder that is associated with a number of extra-intestinal co-morbidities and a pro-inflammatory profile. This study was designed to examine the cytokine profile among a group of IBS patients with the extra-intestinal co-morbidities fibromyalgia, premenstrual dysmorphic disorder, MX69 chemical structure and chronic fatigue syndrome.\n\nMETHODS: In all, 100 female IBS patients with these co-morbidities, 21 IBS subjects

without co-morbidity (“pure” IBS; Rome II), and 54 age-matched female controls took part in the study. Blood was drawn for measurement of the plasma cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, and interferon gamma. The presence of the selected extra-intestinal manifestations was assessed using standard international criteria.\n\nRESULTS: Patients with IBS have increased plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-8; those with these extra-intestinal co-morbidities were found to have, in addition, increased levels of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha. No associations were evident between cytokine profiles and the nature of the co-morbidity or number of extra-intestinal co-morbidities present.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Although IBS is characterized by a pro-inflammatory profile featuring the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, IBS patients with certain extra-intestinal co-morbid conditions are distinguished by additional elevations in IL-1 beta and TNF alpha.

We have used Red homologous Selleckchem MLN2238 recombination to add a to a previously described

vector to construct a new BAC vector with a 250.3-kb insert containing the whole coding region of the CFTR gene along with 40.1 kb of DNA 5′ to the gene and 25 kb 3′ to the gene. This includes all the known control elements of the gene. We evaluated expression by RT-PCR in CMT-93 cells and showed that the gene is expressed both from integrated copies of the BAC and also from episomes carrying the oriP/EBNA-1 element. Sequencing of the human CFTR mRNA from one clone showed that the BAC is functional and can generate correctly spliced mRNA in the mouse background. The BAC described here is the only CFTR genomic construct available on a convenient vector that can be readily used for gene expression studies or in vivo studies to test its potential application in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis.”
“OBJECTIVE: To

perform a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of multidisciplinary teamwork training in a simulation setting for the reduction of medical adverse outcomes in obstetric emergency situations.\n\nDATA SOURCES: We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to June 2009. The search strategy contained medical subject heading terms (“patient care team” and “patient simulation” and “obstetrics” or “gynecology” and “education” see more or “teaching”) and additional text words (“teamwork,” “simulation,” “training”).\n\nMETHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:

Studies describing and evaluating teamwork training programs with simulation models for labor ward staff in acute obstetric emergencies were selected. The search revealed 97 articles.\n\nTABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: All studies were assessed independently by two reviewers for methodological quality using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) criteria. Only eight articles assessed the effect of teamwork training in a simulation setting. Four of them were randomized controlled trials and four were cohort studies. The only study that reported on perinatal outcome Ferroptosis mutation showed an improvement in terms of 5-minute Apgar score and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The seven other studies showed that teamwork training in a simulation setting resulted in improvement of knowledge, practical skills, communication, and team performance in acute obstetric situations. Training in a simulation center did not further improve outcome compared with training in a local hospital.\n\nCONCLUSION: Introduction of multidisciplinary teamwork training with integrated acute obstetric training interventions in a simulation setting is potentially effective in the prevention of errors, thus improving patient safety in acute obstetric emergencies. Studies on its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness are needed before team training can be implemented on broad scale.